Chat with AIExam 15: The Special Senses
Ling, a 75-year-old grandmother, complained that her vision was becoming obscured. Upon examination by an ophthalmologist she was told she had cataracts. What are they, how do they occur, and how are they treated?
(74) 
VerifiedA cataract is a clouding of the lens that causes the world to appear distorted, as if looking through frosted glass. Some cataracts are congenital, but most are due to age-related hardening and thickening of the lens, or are a possible consequence of diabetes mellitus. The direct cause is probably inadequate delivery of nutrients to the deeper lens fibers. The metabolic changes that result are thought to promote unfolding of the lens proteins. Unprotected exposure to the UV rays of sunlight over time is also associated with cataract formation. The lens can be removed and replaced with an artificial lens.
Roger went for his yearly eye examination and was informed that his intraocular pressure was slightly elevated (at 22 mm Hg). The physician expressed concern over this condition and noted that if the condition got worse, eye drops would be merited. What is wrong with Roger's eyes, and what are the possible consequences of this condition? Explain the function of eye drops used for therapy.
(88) VerifiedIf the drainage of the aqueous humor is blocked, pressure within the eye can increase, causing compression of the retina and optic nerve, resulting in a condition called glaucoma. The resulting destruction of the neural structures causes blindness unless the condition is detected early. Early glaucoma can be treated with eye drops that increase the rate of aqueous humor drainage or decrease its production.
In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the .
(84) VerifiedD
Paralysis of which eye muscle would prevent the right eye from looking to the left?
(76) The eye muscle that rotates the eye upward and turns the eye laterally is the .
(78) A perceived increase in the volume of sound is best explained by .
(68) The sensation of loudness or the volume of a sound is detected by _.
(82) Which of the following types of receptors are located in the mouth?
(71) The optic disc forms a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball.
(81) Which of the following best describes the function of the iris?
(80) Precision of eye movement is due to the fact that extrinsic eye muscle motor units typically innervate 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases as few as 2 or 3 muscle cells.
(80) Hot chili peppers contain a chemical compound called capsaicin that stimulate which type of receptor?
(73) High frequency sounds are detected when the basilar membrane is displaced near the .
(84) The nuclei are in the visual pathway and mediate the pupillary light reflexes.
(83) If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The best explanation for this is .
(88) 
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