Question 1

Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental milestones?

Accepted Answer

A)  blastula → gastrula → cleavage 
B)  cleavage → gastrula → blastula 
C)  cleavage → blastula → gastrula 
D)  gastrula → blastula → cleavage 
A)  blastula → gastrula → cleavage 
B)  cleavage → gastrula → blastula 
C)  cleavage → blastula → gastrula 
D)  gastrula → blastula → cleavage

Question 2

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

Accepted Answer

A)  first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction 
B)  cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → first cell division 
C)  cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins 
D)  acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division 
A)  first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction 
B)  cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → first cell division 
C)  cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins 
D)  acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division

Question 3

Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  totipotent 
B)  determined 
C)  differentiated 
D)  mesenchymal 
A)  totipotent 
B)  determined 
C)  differentiated 
D)  mesenchymal

Question 4

In mammalian eggs, the receptors for sperm are found in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  fertilization membrane 
B)  egg plasma membrane 
C)  cytosol of the egg 
D)  mitochondria of the egg 
A)  fertilization membrane 
B)  egg plasma membrane 
C)  cytosol of the egg 
D)  mitochondria of the egg

Question 5

Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleus 
B)  cytoskeleton 
C)  extracellular matrix 
D)  transport proteins 
A)  nucleus 
B)  cytoskeleton 
C)  extracellular matrix 
D)  transport proteins

Question 6

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cleavage would not occur in the zygote 
B)  embryonic germ layers would not form 
C)  the blastula would not be formed 
D)  the blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole 
A)  cleavage would not occur in the zygote 
B)  embryonic germ layers would not form 
C)  the blastula would not be formed 
D)  the blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole

Question 7

The migratory neural crest cells ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  form most of the central nervous system 
B)  form the spinal cord in the frog 
C)  form a variety of neural and non-neural structures 
D)  form the lining of the lungs and of the digestive tract 
A)  form most of the central nervous system 
B)  form the spinal cord in the frog 
C)  form a variety of neural and non-neural structures 
D)  form the lining of the lungs and of the digestive tract

Question 8

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  determination 
B)  cleavage 
C)  induction 
D)  gastrulation 
A)  determination 
B)  cleavage 
C)  induction 
D)  gastrulation

Question 9

In a frog embryo, gastrulation ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere 
B)  occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere 
C)  proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore 
D)  occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk 
A)  produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere 
B)  occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere 
C)  proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore 
D)  occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk

Question 10

In sea urchins, the "fast block" and the longer lasting "slow block" to polyspermy, respectively, are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the acrosomal reaction and the formation of egg white 
B)  the cortical reaction and the formation of yolk protein 
C)  the jelly coat of the egg and the vitelline membrane 
D)  membrane depolarization and the cortical reaction 
A)  the acrosomal reaction and the formation of egg white 
B)  the cortical reaction and the formation of yolk protein 
C)  the jelly coat of the egg and the vitelline membrane 
D)  membrane depolarization and the cortical reaction

Question 11

Hans Spemann and colleagues developed the concept of the "organizer" in amphibian embryos while studying the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  medial cells between the optic cups 
B)  anterior terminus of the notochord 
C)  lateral margins of the neural tube 
D)  dorsal lip of the blastopore 
A)  medial cells between the optic cups 
B)  anterior terminus of the notochord 
C)  lateral margins of the neural tube 
D)  dorsal lip of the blastopore

Question 12

The developmental precursors to the gonadal tissues of Caenorhabditis elegans uniquely contain ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  proteins of maternal origin 
B)  high concentrations of potassium ions 
C)  T tubules for the propagation of action potentials 
D)  P granules of mRNA and protein 
A)  proteins of maternal origin 
B)  high concentrations of potassium ions 
C)  T tubules for the propagation of action potentials 
D)  P granules of mRNA and protein

Question 13

Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were

Accepted Answer

A)  totipotent. 
B)  determined. 
C)  differentiated. 
D)  mesenchymal. 
A)  totipotent. 
B)  determined. 
C)  differentiated. 
D)  mesenchymal.

Question 14

What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments rather than in water?

Accepted Answer

A)  extraembryonic membranes 
B)  yolk 
C)  cleavage 
D)  gastrulation 
A)  extraembryonic membranes 
B)  yolk 
C)  cleavage 
D)  gastrulation

Question 15

An embryo with meroblastic cleavage, extraembryonic membranes, and a primitive streak must be that of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an insect 
B)  an amphibian 
C)  a bird 
D)  a sea urchin 
A)  an insect 
B)  an amphibian 
C)  a bird 
D)  a sea urchin

Question 16

The first cavity formed during frog development is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  blastopore 
B)  mouth 
C)  blastocoel 
D)  anus 
A)  blastopore 
B)  mouth 
C)  blastocoel 
D)  anus

Question 17

Uterine implantation due to enzymatic digestion of the endometrium is initiated by the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inner cell mass 
B)  endoderm 
C)  mesoderm 
D)  trophoblast 
A)  inner cell mass 
B)  endoderm 
C)  mesoderm 
D)  trophoblast

Question 18

Use the following information to answer the question.
In order to test how sea urchin sperm bind to eggs, scientists isolated the egg receptor protein that binds to the sperm acrosomal protein called bindin. Plastic beads were coated with egg receptor for bindin (ERB1) from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and then the beads mixed with sperm from S. purpuratus or from the related species, S. franciscanus. The researchers counted how many sperm were bound to each bead. The results are shown in the graph below. (Adapted from Kamei and Glabe 2003)
Treatments:
A: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
B: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
C: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
D: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
 
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following conclusions is supported?

Accepted Answer

A)  Plastic beads will bind to sperm from both species of sea urchin. 
B)  ERB1 prevents S. franciscanus sperm from binding the beads. 
C)  Sperm from S. purpuratus bind to beads only if ERB1 is present. 
D)  S. franciscanus and S. purpuratus are actually the same species. 
A)  Plastic beads will bind to sperm from both species of sea urchin. 
B)  ERB1 prevents S. franciscanus sperm from binding the beads. 
C)  Sperm from S. purpuratus bind to beads only if ERB1 is present. 
D)  S. franciscanus and S. purpuratus are actually the same species.

Question 19

In humans, identical twins are possible because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cytoplasmic determinants are distributed unevenly in unfertilized eggs 
B)  extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus 
C)  early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated 
D)  the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells 
A)  cytoplasmic determinants are distributed unevenly in unfertilized eggs 
B)  extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus 
C)  early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated 
D)  the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells

Question 20

In humans, identical twins are possible because

Accepted Answer

A)  extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus. 
B)  convergent extension occurs. 
C)  early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated. 
D)  the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells. 
A)  extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus. 
B)  convergent extension occurs. 
C)  early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated. 
D)  the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells.

Exam 47: Animal Development

Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental milestones?

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were ________.

In mammalian eggs, the receptors for sperm are found in the ________.

Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the ________.

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then ________.

The migratory neural crest cells ________.

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during ________.

In a frog embryo, gastrulation ________.

In sea urchins, the "fast block" and the longer lasting "slow block" to polyspermy, respectively, are ________.

Hans Spemann and colleagues developed the concept of the "organizer" in amphibian embryos while studying the ________.

The developmental precursors to the gonadal tissues of Caenorhabditis elegans uniquely contain ________.

Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were

What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments rather than in water?

An embryo with meroblastic cleavage, extraembryonic membranes, and a primitive streak must be that of ________.

The first cavity formed during frog development is the ________.

Uterine implantation due to enzymatic digestion of the endometrium is initiated by the ________.

In humans, identical twins are possible because ________.

In humans, identical twins are possible because

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

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Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

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