Question 1

The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the formation of a fertilization envelope 
B)  the production of a fast block to polyspermy 
C)  the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm 
D)  the generation of an electrical impulse by the egg 
A)  the formation of a fertilization envelope 
B)  the production of a fast block to polyspermy 
C)  the release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm 
D)  the generation of an electrical impulse by the egg

Question 2

The archenteron develops into

Accepted Answer

A)  the mesoderm. 
B)  the endoderm. 
C)  the placenta. 
D)  the lumen of the digestive tract. 
A)  the mesoderm. 
B)  the endoderm. 
C)  the placenta. 
D)  the lumen of the digestive tract.

Question 3

In all vertebrate animals, development requires ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a large supply of yolk 
B)  an aqueous environment 
C)  extraembryonic membranes 
D)  a primitive streak 
A)  a large supply of yolk 
B)  an aqueous environment 
C)  extraembryonic membranes 
D)  a primitive streak

Question 4

In a newly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lifts away from the egg and hardens to form a fertilization envelope 
B)  secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary 
C)  reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation 
D)  provides most of the nutrients used by the zygote 
A)  lifts away from the egg and hardens to form a fertilization envelope 
B)  secretes hormones that enhance steroidogenesis by the ovary 
C)  reduces the loss of water from the egg and prevents desiccation 
D)  provides most of the nutrients used by the zygote

Question 5

During frog development, the blastocoel ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  becomes the archenteron 
B)  gives rise to the endoderm 
C)  gives rise to the placenta 
D)  is replaced by the expanding archenteron 
A)  becomes the archenteron 
B)  gives rise to the endoderm 
C)  gives rise to the placenta 
D)  is replaced by the expanding archenteron

Question 6

As cleavage continues during frog development, the size of the blastomeres ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases as the number of the blastomeres decreases 
B)  increases as the number of the blastomeres increases 
C)  decreases as the number of the blastomeres increases 
D)  decreases as the number of the blastomeres decreases 
A)  increases as the number of the blastomeres decreases 
B)  increases as the number of the blastomeres increases 
C)  decreases as the number of the blastomeres increases 
D)  decreases as the number of the blastomeres decreases

Question 7

During metamorphosis, a tadpole's tail is reduced in size by the process of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  regeneration 
B)  apoptosis 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  redifferentiation 
A)  regeneration 
B)  apoptosis 
C)  oxidative phosphorylation 
D)  redifferentiation

Question 8

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrower and wider, is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  convergent extension 
B)  induction 
C)  invagination 
D)  involution 
A)  convergent extension 
B)  induction 
C)  invagination 
D)  involution

Question 9

Use the following information to answer the question.
In order to test how sea urchin sperm bind to eggs, scientists isolated the egg receptor protein that binds to the sperm acrosomal protein called bindin. Plastic beads were coated with egg receptor for bindin (ERB1) from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and then the beads mixed with sperm from S. purpuratus or from the related species, S. franciscanus. The researchers counted how many sperm were bound to each bead. The results are shown in the graph below. (Adapted from Kamei and Glabe 2003)
Treatments:
A: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
B: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
C: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
D: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
 
What is a broader implication from the observations of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  In sea urchins, fertilization of eggs by sperm is dependent upon species-specific protein interactions. 
B)  Only some species of sea urchins use receptor proteins on their eggs to bind sperm. 
C)  Protein-coated plastic beads should not be used to test sperm binding to eggs. 
D)  S. franciscanus is probably not a sea urchin, but must be some other type of organism. 
A)  In sea urchins, fertilization of eggs by sperm is dependent upon species-specific protein interactions. 
B)  Only some species of sea urchins use receptor proteins on their eggs to bind sperm. 
C)  Protein-coated plastic beads should not be used to test sperm binding to eggs. 
D)  S. franciscanus is probably not a sea urchin, but must be some other type of organism.

Question 10

Which of the following is an adult organism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  chickens, Gallus domesticus 
B)  African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis 
C)  fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster 
D)  nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans 
A)  chickens, Gallus domesticus 
B)  African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis 
C)  fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster 
D)  nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans

Question 11

Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an egg 
B)  a blastomere in the vegetal pole 
C)  a blastomere in the animal pole 
D)  one of the products of the first cleavage 
A)  an egg 
B)  a blastomere in the vegetal pole 
C)  a blastomere in the animal pole 
D)  one of the products of the first cleavage

Question 12

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is composed of about 1,000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped 
B)  has only a single chromosome, which has been fully sequenced 
C)  has about 1,000 genes, each of which has been fully sequenced 
D)  uniquely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development 
A)  is composed of about 1,000 cells, in which the developmental origin of each cell has been mapped 
B)  has only a single chromosome, which has been fully sequenced 
C)  has about 1,000 genes, each of which has been fully sequenced 
D)  uniquely, among animals, utilizes programmed cell death during normal development

Question 13

Use the following information to answer the question.
In order to test how sea urchin sperm bind to eggs, scientists isolated the egg receptor protein that binds to the sperm acrosomal protein called bindin. Plastic beads were coated with egg receptor for bindin (ERB1) from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and then the beads mixed with sperm from S. purpuratus or from the related species, S. franciscanus. The researchers counted how many sperm were bound to each bead. The results are shown in the graph below. (Adapted from Kamei and Glabe 2003)
Treatments:
A: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
B: S. purpuratus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
C: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with S. purpuratus ERB1 beads
D: S. franciscanus sperm mixed with beads containing no ERB1 protein
 
Based on the description of the experiment, which of the treatments would be considered a "control" treatment for S. purpuratus sperm binding?

Accepted Answer

A)  Treatment A 
B)  Treatment B 
C)  Treatment C 
D)  Treatment D 
A)  Treatment A 
B)  Treatment B 
C)  Treatment C 
D)  Treatment D

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of the fate of the germ layers?

Accepted Answer

A)  The mesoderm gives rise to the notochord. 
B)  The endoderm gives rise to the hair follicles. 
C)  The ectoderm gives rise to the liver. 
D)  The mesoderm gives rise to the lungs. 
A)  The mesoderm gives rise to the notochord. 
B)  The endoderm gives rise to the hair follicles. 
C)  The ectoderm gives rise to the liver. 
D)  The mesoderm gives rise to the lungs.

Question 15

The embryonic precursor to the human spinal cord is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  notochord 
B)  neural tube 
C)  mesoderm 
D)  archenteron 
A)  notochord 
B)  neural tube 
C)  mesoderm 
D)  archenteron

Question 16

One primary factor in shaping the polarity of the body axes in chick embryos is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  light 
B)  membrane potential 
C)  gravity 
D)  moisture 
A)  light 
B)  membrane potential 
C)  gravity 
D)  moisture

Question 17

In some rare salamander species, all individuals are females. Reproduction relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species. However, the resulting embryos receive no genetic contribution from the males. Why do you think sperm are necessary for reproduction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The sperm allow morphogenesis to proceed. 
B)  Sperm trigger egg activation. 
C)  Cell differentiation is initiated by the sperm. 
D)  Sperm are necessary to produce a diploid zygote. 
A)  The sperm allow morphogenesis to proceed. 
B)  Sperm trigger egg activation. 
C)  Cell differentiation is initiated by the sperm. 
D)  Sperm are necessary to produce a diploid zygote.

Question 18

Which of the following is common to the development of birds and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  the formation of an embryonic epiblast and hypoblast 
B)  the formation of an embryonic trophoblast 
C)  the formation of an embryonic yolk plug 
D)  the formation of an embryonic gray crescent 
A)  the formation of an embryonic epiblast and hypoblast 
B)  the formation of an embryonic trophoblast 
C)  the formation of an embryonic yolk plug 
D)  the formation of an embryonic gray crescent

Question 19

Why was the evolution of the extraembryonic membranes crucial for colonization of land by the vertebrates? Extraembryonic membranes ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  provide an aqueous environment for embryo development 
B)  provide nutrients that produce energy for development 
C)  direct morphogenesis within the embryo 
D)  give rise to crucial organ systems, like the heart and brain 
A)  provide an aqueous environment for embryo development 
B)  provide nutrients that produce energy for development 
C)  direct morphogenesis within the embryo 
D)  give rise to crucial organ systems, like the heart and brain

Question 20

The archenteron of the developing sea urchin eventually develops into the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  blastocoel 
B)  heart and lungs 
C)  digestive tract 
D)  brain and spinal cord 
A)  blastocoel 
B)  heart and lungs 
C)  digestive tract 
D)  brain and spinal cord

Exam 47: Animal Development

The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in ________.

The archenteron develops into

In all vertebrate animals, development requires ________.

In a newly fertilized egg, the vitelline layer ________.

During frog development, the blastocoel ________.

As cleavage continues during frog development, the size of the blastomeres ________.

During metamorphosis, a tadpole's tail is reduced in size by the process of ________.

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrower and wider, is ________.

Which of the following is an adult organism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?

Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction is ________.

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ________.

Which of the following is a correct description of the fate of the germ layers?

The embryonic precursor to the human spinal cord is the ________.

One primary factor in shaping the polarity of the body axes in chick embryos is ________.

In some rare salamander species, all individuals are females. Reproduction relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species. However, the resulting embryos receive no genetic contribution from the males. Why do you think sperm are necessary for reproduction?

Which of the following is common to the development of birds and mammals?

Why was the evolution of the extraembryonic membranes crucial for colonization of land by the vertebrates? Extraembryonic membranes ________.

The archenteron of the developing sea urchin eventually develops into the ________.

Evolution, the Themes of Biology, and Scientific Inquiry

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

DNA Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters