Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?

Accepted Answer

A)  They have causal force. 
B)  They include common sense. 
C)  They are based on large amounts of information. 
D)  They come from carefully controlled experimental situations. 
A)  They have causal force. 
B)  They include common sense. 
C)  They are based on large amounts of information. 
D)  They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.

Question 2

Based on what you know about the distinction between technicians and scientists, a therapist would require ________ training, whereas a research psychologist would require ________ training.

Accepted Answer

A)  technical; scientific 
B)  scientific; technical 
C)  data collection; data analysis 
D)  data analysis; data collection 
A)  technical; scientific 
B)  scientific; technical 
C)  data collection; data analysis 
D)  data analysis; data collection

Question 3

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  fish-and-water 
B)  self-verification 
C)  self-expectancy 
D)  narcissism 
A)  fish-and-water 
B)  self-verification 
C)  self-expectancy 
D)  narcissism

Question 4

According to the text, correlational and experimental methods are not entirely different. For example, they both

Accepted Answer

A)  always use S data. 
B)  assess the relationship between two variables. 
C)  assess causality. 
D)  focus on one phenomenon in depth. 
A)  always use S data. 
B)  assess the relationship between two variables. 
C)  assess causality. 
D)  focus on one phenomenon in depth.

Question 5

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
-A result applies beyond the context of the current study

Accepted Answer

A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision 
A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision

Question 6

To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have to

Accepted Answer

A)  find a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers. 
B)  randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control condition. 
C)  compare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has never smoked. 
D)  teach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits. 
A)  find a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers. 
B)  randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control condition. 
C)  compare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has never smoked. 
D)  teach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits.

Question 7

The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus, these judgments have

Accepted Answer

A)  generalizability. 
B)  validity. 
C)  causal force. 
D)  reliability. 
A)  generalizability. 
B)  validity. 
C)  causal force. 
D)  reliability.

Question 8

A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.

Accepted Answer

A)  experience sampling 
B)  experimental B 
C)  L 
D)  projective 
A)  experience sampling 
B)  experimental B 
C)  L 
D)  projective

Question 9

Match the most applicable type of data with each piece of information.
-The number of times someone has been arrested

Accepted Answer

A) B data 
B) L data 
C) I data 
D) S data 
E) T data
F)E data 
A) B data 
B) L data 
C) I data 
D) S data 
E) T data
F)E data

Question 10

The MOST important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to

Accepted Answer

A)  use the smallest possible number of items. 
B)  measure something that is important. 
C)  aggregate your measurements. 
D)  maximize error variance. 
A)  use the smallest possible number of items. 
B)  measure something that is important. 
C)  aggregate your measurements. 
D)  maximize error variance.

Question 11

If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to avoid using S data?

Accepted Answer

A)  The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura. 
B)  The S data often do not have psychological relevance. 
C)  The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person's personality. 
D)  The S data have definitional truth. 
A)  The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura. 
B)  The S data often do not have psychological relevance. 
C)  The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person's personality. 
D)  The S data have definitional truth.

Question 12

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
-Combining many items in a test to eliminate idiosyncrasies of any one item

Accepted Answer

A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision 
A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision

Question 13

According to Cronbach and Meehl's (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and an extraversion questionnaire are examples of specific tests or measurements.

Accepted Answer

A)  constructs 
B)  valid ideas 
C)  assessments 
D)  manifest factors 
A)  constructs 
B)  valid ideas 
C)  assessments 
D)  manifest factors

Question 14

According to the text, L data can be difficult to interpret because life outcomes can have many causes. In other words, L data may be subject to

Accepted Answer

A)  the expectancy effect. 
B)  construct validation. 
C)  multidetermination. 
D)  self-verification. 
A)  the expectancy effect. 
B)  construct validation. 
C)  multidetermination. 
D)  self-verification.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?

Based on what you know about the distinction between technicians and scientists, a therapist would require training, whereas a research psychologist would require training.

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.

According to the text, correlational and experimental methods are not entirely different. For example, they both

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -A result applies beyond the context of the current study

To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have to

The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus, these judgments have

A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.

Match the most applicable type of data with each piece of information. -The number of times someone has been arrested

The MOST important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to

If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to avoid using S data?

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -Combining many items in a test to eliminate idiosyncrasies of any one item

According to Cronbach and Meehl's (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and an extraversion questionnaire are examples of specific tests or measurements.

According to the text, L data can be difficult to interpret because life outcomes can have many causes. In other words, L data may be subject to

The Study of the Person

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

The Self: What You Know About You

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

Exam 2: Personality Research Methods

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?

Based on what you know about the distinction between technicians and scientists, a therapist would require ________ training, whereas a research psychologist would require ________ training.

There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.

According to the text, correlational and experimental methods are not entirely different. For example, they both

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -A result applies beyond the context of the current study

To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have to

The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus, these judgments have

A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.

Match the most applicable type of data with each piece of information. -The number of times someone has been arrested

The MOST important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to

If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to avoid using S data?

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -Combining many items in a test to eliminate idiosyncrasies of any one item

According to Cronbach and Meehl's (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and an extraversion questionnaire are examples of specific tests or measurements.

According to the text, L data can be difficult to interpret because life outcomes can have many causes. In other words, L data may be subject to

The Study of the Person

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

The Self: What You Know About You

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

Based on what you know about the distinction between technicians and scientists, a therapist would require training, whereas a research psychologist would require training.