Question 1

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
-An instrument actually reflects the construct of interest

Accepted Answer

A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision 
A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision

Question 2

Consider the construct of intelligence. What steps would researchers do to validate measures of this construct? Why is validity harder to establish and evaluate than reliability?

Accepted Answer

The construct of intelligence is a compl

Question 3

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

Accepted Answer

A)  measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements 
B)  observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation 
C)  a psychologist's interpretation of a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview 
D)  a participant's records of his daily activities in a daily research "diary" 
A)  measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements 
B)  observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation 
C)  a psychologist's interpretation of a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview 
D)  a participant's records of his daily activities in a daily research "diary"

Question 4

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
-A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly

Accepted Answer

A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision 
A) Reliable 
B) Valid 
C) Generalizable 
D) Measurement error 
E) Aggregation
F)Precision

Question 5

The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on

Accepted Answer

A)  common sense, so they have greater psychological relevance. 
B)  a report by the best expert, so they are more accurate. 
C)  direct psychological tests, so they have greater causal force and scientific value. 
D)  direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable. 
A)  common sense, so they have greater psychological relevance. 
B)  a report by the best expert, so they are more accurate. 
C)  direct psychological tests, so they have greater causal force and scientific value. 
D)  direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable.

Question 6

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would MOST likely be remembered?

Accepted Answer

A)  an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative 
B)  only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance's personality 
C)  the most recently observed typical behavior 
D)  behaviors that are observed every day 
A)  an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative 
B)  only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance's personality 
C)  the most recently observed typical behavior 
D)  behaviors that are observed every day

Question 7

A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called

Accepted Answer

A)  construct validation. 
B)  aggregation validation. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  internal validation. 
A)  construct validation. 
B)  aggregation validation. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  internal validation.

Question 8

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalizability 
B)  reliability 
C)  validity 
D)  statistical significance 
A)  generalizability 
B)  reliability 
C)  validity 
D)  statistical significance

Question 9

Technicians-in-training focus on ________, whereas scientists-in-training focus on ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  writing; reading 
B)  memorizing what is already known; questioning what is already known 
C)  the philosophical components of their field; mechanical components of their field 
D)  teaching undergraduate students; teaching graduate students 
A)  writing; reading 
B)  memorizing what is already known; questioning what is already known 
C)  the philosophical components of their field; mechanical components of their field 
D)  teaching undergraduate students; teaching graduate students

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?

Accepted Answer

A)  Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation. 
B)  Direct observations are easily quantifiable. 
C)  Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times. 
D)  Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors. 
A)  Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation. 
B)  Direct observations are easily quantifiable. 
C)  Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times. 
D)  Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?

Accepted Answer

A)  entering data into a database incorrectly after collection 
B)  the immediate state of the participant 
C)  the mood of the experimenter 
D)  aggregation of responses to different items 
A)  entering data into a database incorrectly after collection 
B)  the immediate state of the participant 
C)  the mood of the experimenter 
D)  aggregation of responses to different items

Question 12

Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers' chatting is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  reliability. 
B)  a validity bias. 
C)  a cohort effect. 
D)  measurement error. 
A)  reliability. 
B)  a validity bias. 
C)  a cohort effect. 
D)  measurement error.

Question 13

The typical experimental psychologist in a testing situation collects ________ data.

Accepted Answer

A)  B 
B)  I 
C)  L 
D)  S 
A)  B 
B)  I 
C)  L 
D)  S

Question 14

Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because

Accepted Answer

A)  each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts. 
B)  judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single, uncharacteristic behavior. 
C)  some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments. 
D)  All of the answer options are correct. 
A)  each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts. 
B)  judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single, uncharacteristic behavior. 
C)  some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments. 
D)  All of the answer options are correct.

Question 15

What is a major advantage of conducting a case study above all other methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  It describes the whole phenomenon and not just isolated variables. 
B)  It uses statistics to assess how two constructs are related to one another. 
C)  It increases the generalizability of a psychological phenomenon. 
D)  It introduces a great degree of situational control. 
A)  It describes the whole phenomenon and not just isolated variables. 
B)  It uses statistics to assess how two constructs are related to one another. 
C)  It increases the generalizability of a psychological phenomenon. 
D)  It introduces a great degree of situational control.

Question 16

I data are

Accepted Answer

A)  self-judgments. 
B)  judgments made by knowledgeable observers. 
C)  easily observable, real-life outcomes. 
D)  direct observations of the subject in some predefined context. 
A)  self-judgments. 
B)  judgments made by knowledgeable observers. 
C)  easily observable, real-life outcomes. 
D)  direct observations of the subject in some predefined context.

Question 17

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should

Accepted Answer

A)  not bother collecting data. 
B)  gather as much data as possible. 
C)  only use L data, which are the most reliable. 
D)  use only one source of data and control for its limitations. 
A)  not bother collecting data. 
B)  gather as much data as possible. 
C)  only use L data, which are the most reliable. 
D)  use only one source of data and control for its limitations.

Question 18

Consider the trait of courage. Describe the advantages and limitations of obtaining informant report data for this trait.

Accepted Answer

The trait of courage is an important cha

Question 19

According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?

Accepted Answer

A)  More women than men participate in research. 
B)  Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who do not show up. 
C)  Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts. 
D)  Much personality research is based on samples of college students. 
A)  More women than men participate in research. 
B)  Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who do not show up. 
C)  Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts. 
D)  Much personality research is based on samples of college students.

Question 20

According to a study reported in the text, researchers were able to predict individuals' level of conscientiousness and openness to experience based solely on various aspects of their bedrooms. This study used ________ data to assess personality.

Accepted Answer

A)  S 
B)  I 
C)  B 
D)  L 
A)  S 
B)  I 
C)  B 
D)  L

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -An instrument actually reflects the construct of interest

Consider the construct of intelligence. What steps would researchers do to validate measures of this construct? Why is validity harder to establish and evaluate than reliability?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly

The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would MOST likely be remembered?

A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Technicians-in-training focus on , whereas scientists-in-training focus on .

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?

Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?

The typical experimental psychologist in a testing situation collects ________ data.

Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because

What is a major advantage of conducting a case study above all other methods?

I data are

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should

Consider the trait of courage. Describe the advantages and limitations of obtaining informant report data for this trait.

According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?

According to a study reported in the text, researchers were able to predict individuals' level of conscientiousness and openness to experience based solely on various aspects of their bedrooms. This study used ________ data to assess personality.

The Study of the Person

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

The Self: What You Know About You

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

Exam 2: Personality Research Methods

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -An instrument actually reflects the construct of interest

Consider the construct of intelligence. What steps would researchers do to validate measures of this construct? Why is validity harder to establish and evaluate than reliability?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?

Match the most relevant term with each definition. -A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly

The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would MOST likely be remembered?

A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called

The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.

Technicians-in-training focus on ________, whereas scientists-in-training focus on ________.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?

Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?

The typical experimental psychologist in a testing situation collects ________ data.

Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because

What is a major advantage of conducting a case study above all other methods?

I data are

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should

Consider the trait of courage. Describe the advantages and limitations of obtaining informant report data for this trait.

According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?

According to a study reported in the text, researchers were able to predict individuals' level of conscientiousness and openness to experience based solely on various aspects of their bedrooms. This study used ________ data to assess personality.

The Study of the Person

Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, and Open Science

Persons and Situations

Personality Judgment

Traits and Types: the Big Five and Beyond

Personality Stability, Development, and Change

The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality

Genetics and Evolution: the Inheritance of Personality

Basics of Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness

Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality

Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

The Self: What You Know About You

Relationships and Business

Mental and Physical Health

What Have We Learned

Filters

Technicians-in-training focus on , whereas scientists-in-training focus on .