Exam 12: Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development

_____ believed that children learn from their peers, culture, and teachers.

In the United States, there are four types of educational environments for children: public schools, charter schools, private schools, and home schooling. Define each of these alternatives and identify which type of school the majority of children in the United States attend.

Based on results from the international test known as the _____, children in East Asian nations are the most advanced in math and science.

Identify the three ways in which children from low-SES families differ in language compared to children from high-SES families. Then identify and explain the most important factor proven to affect language learning.

Carlos attends a school where the teachers often work longer hours, the students are all from the same ethnic group, and the class sizes are small. He knows that the school sets its own standards and receives private money and funding from sponsors. Carlos is attending a _____ school.

Everywhere in the world, children are taught to read, write, and create art.

The Common Core is a(n) _____ that was developed with backing from all 50 states in response to doubts about state-level assessments.

The process by which children change from informal speech to proper speech when talking with teachers and most adults is known as changing codes.

Alice is 7 years old and comes from a low-SES family. Compared to her peers from high-SES families, she has difficulty with language learning in school. According to current research, one factor that may be contributing to Alice's language learning difficulty is her lack of _____.

_____ schools are licensed and funded by states or local districts. They may also receive private money from sponsors.

Nine-year-old Devon writes, "My dad is as big a star." This statement demonstrates his understanding of a figure of speech called a _____.

Research indicates that achievement in middle childhood is _____ teacher and parent expectations.

Dolly can count from 1 to 10 in order. This ability is due to the logical principle of conservation.

Explain what is meant by metacognition. Then describe how 9-year-old Bolgen can use metacognition to help him prepare for a spelling test. Bolgen gets 10 spelling words on Monday and is tested on Friday.

The unofficial rules and priorities that influence a child's learning in school are called _____.

Piaget believed that in middle childhood, children are in the cognitive period of _____ thought.

Mastery of pragmatics allows children to change styles of speech, or "codes," depending on the audience. What code are children likely to use with their teachers?

Decades of research throughout the world have found a _____ correlation between academic achievement and socioeconomic status, largely due to language.

Explain the process of switching codes in speech. Identify the two codes and offer a real-life example of each, including the circumstances under which each code typically would be used.

Aaron made two lines of toys, with trucks in one line and cars in another. Aaron was exhibiting classification.