Question 1

The earliest Australopithecines were found in southern and western Africa.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Orrorin tugenesis has now been accepted as a member of the human line.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

All of the following are considered negative consequences of bipedalism except:

Accepted Answer

A) slower ability to run. 
B) difficulty changing directions while running. 
C) exposed soft underbelly. 
D) ability to stand and see predators. 
E) greater visibility to predators. 
A) slower ability to run. 
B) difficulty changing directions while running. 
C) exposed soft underbelly. 
D) ability to stand and see predators. 
E) greater visibility to predators.

Question 4

The first fragments of Homo habilis were found at:

Accepted Answer

A) Olduvai Gorge. 
B) Laetoli. 
C) Afar region. 
D) Swartkrans. 
E) Lake Tanganika. 
A) Olduvai Gorge. 
B) Laetoli. 
C) Afar region. 
D) Swartkrans. 
E) Lake Tanganika.

Question 5

Which of the following is considered essential for a fossil to be included in the human evolutionary line?

Accepted Answer

A) Color vision 
B) Single birth 
C) Bipedalism 
D) Large brain 
E) Arborealism 
A) Color vision 
B) Single birth 
C) Bipedalism 
D) Large brain 
E) Arborealism

Question 6

How and why did the robust and gracile australopithecine species vary? Discuss the anatomical and potential ecological niche issues that separate these groups.

Accepted Answer

The robust and gracile australopithecine

Question 7

Which of the following statements is not correct?

Accepted Answer

A) Bipedalism preceded the growth explosion of the human brain. 
B) Human evolution has taken place at a steady pace. 
C) Stabilizing selection affects bipedalism. 
D) There has been little change in the bipedal mechanism in at least a few million years. 
E) Bipedalism likely occurred as a sudden shift. 
A) Bipedalism preceded the growth explosion of the human brain. 
B) Human evolution has taken place at a steady pace. 
C) Stabilizing selection affects bipedalism. 
D) There has been little change in the bipedal mechanism in at least a few million years. 
E) Bipedalism likely occurred as a sudden shift.

Question 8

Bipedalism likely developed because of the need for males to bring food to nursing females.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The size and shape of the brain and teeth of Ardipithecus ramidus is similar to a chimpanzee.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Name four anatomical changes that occurred in the human species to accommodate bipedalism.In other words,how is it "written on our skeletal bodies"?

Accepted Answer

1. The shape of the pelvis changed to su

Question 11

Which of the following australopithecine species do scientists not believe to be ancestral to the Homo line?

Accepted Answer

A) A.sediba 
B) A.anamensis 
C) A.africanus 
D) A.robustus 
E) A.garhi 
A) A.sediba 
B) A.anamensis 
C) A.africanus 
D) A.robustus 
E) A.garhi

Question 12

Bipedalism may have served to protect the developing human brain from direct sun radiation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Mary Leakey was an authority on Oldowan tools.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Discuss various ways that cultural understandings can affect the way scientists read the fossil record and the story of human evolution.

Accepted Answer

Cultural understandings can significantl

Question 15

Discuss the diversity that is part of the genus Australopithecus.Compare and contrast the fossil evidence and anatomical difference we have for the different species.

Accepted Answer

The genus Australopithecus is known for

Question 16

Human origins can be most recently connected to the Miocene epoch and the emergence of the apes.What anatomical characteristics marking the earliest apes were instrumental in the development of the human species?

Accepted Answer

The earliest apes, which emerged during

Question 17

Paleoanthropology is a field in which there have been many strong and "flamboyant" personalities (see discussion of Leakey on p.140).In your discussion of the field of paleoanthropology,explain how it may or may not be different from other areas of anthropological inquiry as far as the type of scientist that is drawn to this work.Use the examples of the scientist Louis Leakey and the fraudulent Charles Dawson in your discussion of this area of anthropology.

Accepted Answer

Paleoanthropology is a field that has at

Question 18

Teeth are considered one of the primary ways of distinguishing between closely related groups.Using the evidence that you have learned in this chapter,discuss how teeth are different between the various australopithecine species.

Accepted Answer

Teeth are indeed one of the primary ways

Question 19

Proconsul was the first bipedal primate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

In which type of environment do most scientists agree that early human forbears lived?

Accepted Answer

A) Tropical lowland environment 
B) Heavily forested environment 
C) A mixed forest and savanna environment 
D) Large,open grassy savanna environment 
E) Arid,desert environment 
A) Tropical lowland environment 
B) Heavily forested environment 
C) A mixed forest and savanna environment 
D) Large,open grassy savanna environment 
E) Arid,desert environment

Exam 6: From First Primates to First Bipeds

The earliest Australopithecines were found in southern and western Africa.

Orrorin tugenesis has now been accepted as a member of the human line.

All of the following are considered negative consequences of bipedalism except:

The first fragments of Homo habilis were found at:

Which of the following is considered essential for a fossil to be included in the human evolutionary line?

How and why did the robust and gracile australopithecine species vary? Discuss the anatomical and potential ecological niche issues that separate these groups.

Which of the following statements is not correct?

Bipedalism likely developed because of the need for males to bring food to nursing females.

The size and shape of the brain and teeth of Ardipithecus ramidus is similar to a chimpanzee.

Name four anatomical changes that occurred in the human species to accommodate bipedalism.In other words,how is it "written on our skeletal bodies"?

Which of the following australopithecine species do scientists not believe to be ancestral to the Homo line?

Bipedalism may have served to protect the developing human brain from direct sun radiation.

Mary Leakey was an authority on Oldowan tools.

Discuss various ways that cultural understandings can affect the way scientists read the fossil record and the story of human evolution.

Discuss the diversity that is part of the genus Australopithecus.Compare and contrast the fossil evidence and anatomical difference we have for the different species.

Human origins can be most recently connected to the Miocene epoch and the emergence of the apes.What anatomical characteristics marking the earliest apes were instrumental in the development of the human species?

Teeth are considered one of the primary ways of distinguishing between closely related groups.Using the evidence that you have learned in this chapter,discuss how teeth are different between the various australopithecine species.

Proconsul was the first bipedal primate.

In which type of environment do most scientists agree that early human forbears lived?

The Essence of Anthropology

Biology, Genetics, and Evolution

Living Primates

Primate Behavior

Field Methods in Archaeology and Paleoanthropology

Origins of the Genus Homo

The Global Expansion of Homo Sapiens and Their Technology

The Neolithic Revolution: the Domestication of Plants and Animals

The Emergence of Cities and States

Modern Human Diversity: Race and Racism

Human Adaptation to a Changing World

Characteristics of Culture

Ethnographic Research: Its History, Methods, and Theories

Language and Communication

Social Identity, Personality, and Gender

Patterns of Subsistence

Economic Systems

Sex, Marriage, and Family

Kinship and Descent

Grouping by Gender, Age, Common Interest, and Social Status

Politics, Power, War, and Peace

Spirituality, Religion, and Shamanism

The Arts

Processes of Cultural Change

Global Challenges, Local Responses, and the Role of Anthropology

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