Exam 6: Groups and Organizations

People do not voluntarily become members of______________organizations (associations that people are forced to join).

Summarize sociologist Max Weber's ideal characteristics of bureaucracy.

Sociologist Amitai Etzioni classified formal organizations into three categories,based on the nature of membership in each.Which of the following is NOT a category of formal organizations?

A(n)______________is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority,a clear division of labor,explicit rules and procedures,and impersonality in personnel matters.

According to Charles H.Cooley,we have primary relationships with other individuals in our primary groups-that is,with our significant others,who frequently serve as role models.

In a bureaucracy,each lower office is under the control and supervision of a higher one.This characteristic of a bureaucracy is known as:

Define ingroup,outgroup,and reference group,and provide examples to illustrate your definitions.

For a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity,which of the following would NOT constitute a reference group?

According to George Ritzer,the process of "McDonaldization" has become a global phenomenon,as four elements of rationality can be found in fast­food restaurants and other "speedy" or "jiffy" businesses.

According to social psychologist Irving Janis,______________is the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

In reference to Stanley Milgram's study,the text points out that:

Political parties,ecological activist groups,religious organizations,parent-teacher associations,and college sororities and fraternities are examples of______________organizations.

We voluntarily join______________organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.

Sociologist Charles H.Cooley used the term______________to describe a small,less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face,emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

A(n)______________is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

According to Robert Merton,the term______________describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.These workers are usually able to handle routine situations effectively but are frequently incapable of handling a unique problem or an emergency.

______________ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues,and harmony,solidarity,and high morale are needed.

Women in traditionally male organizations may feel more visible and experience greater performance pressure.They may also find it harder to gain credibility in management positions.

Three major styles of leadership exist in groups.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

The Milgram study provides evidence that obedience to authority may be more common than most of us would like to believe.Almost two-thirds of study participants went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity.