Question 1

Which of the following events in translation is the first to occur in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A) elongation of the polypeptide 
B) base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA 
C) binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits 
D) the small subunit of the ribosome recognizing and attaching to the 5' cap of mRNA 
A) elongation of the polypeptide 
B) base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA 
C) binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits 
D) the small subunit of the ribosome recognizing and attaching to the 5' cap of mRNA

Question 2

In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase.Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA known as pre-mRNA?

Accepted Answer

A) ligase 
B) RNA polymerase I 
C) RNA polymerase II 
D) RNA polymerase III 
A) ligase 
B) RNA polymerase I 
C) RNA polymerase II 
D) RNA polymerase III

Question 3

A eukaryotic mutation upstream of a particular gene has been identified that changes the sequence of the TATA box to GATA.How would you predict that this mutation would affect the transcription of this gene?

Accepted Answer

A) Transcription would proceed normally. 
B) Transcription factors would bind to the start point in the promoter region. 
C) Transcription factor binding would be reduced or eliminated,and transcription of the gene would decrease dramatically. 
D) Transcription factors would bind in the middle of the gene sequence and transcribe the gene from that point. 
A) Transcription would proceed normally. 
B) Transcription factors would bind to the start point in the promoter region. 
C) Transcription factor binding would be reduced or eliminated,and transcription of the gene would decrease dramatically. 
D) Transcription factors would bind in the middle of the gene sequence and transcribe the gene from that point.

Question 4

-Examine the table of codons in the figure above.A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be

Accepted Answer

A) 5'-TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG-3'. 
B) 3'-AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA-5'. 
C) 5'-AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT-3'. 
D) 3'-AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA-5'. 
A) 5'-TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG-3'. 
B) 3'-AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA-5'. 
C) 5'-AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT-3'. 
D) 3'-AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA-5'.

Question 5

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide depends on specificity in which of the following characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A) binding of ribosomes to mRNA 
B) shape of the A and P sites of ribosomes 
C) attachment of amino acids to tRNAs 
D) bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs 
A) binding of ribosomes to mRNA 
B) shape of the A and P sites of ribosomes 
C) attachment of amino acids to tRNAs 
D) bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs

Question 6

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions.Evidence for this can be found if which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A) if UGA,usually a stop codon,is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only) 
B) if one stop codon,such as UGA,is found to have the same effect on translation as another stop codon,such as UAA 
C) if prokaryotic organisms are able to translate a eukaryotic mRNA and produce the same polypeptide 
D) if several codons are found to translate to the same amino acid,such as serine 
A) if UGA,usually a stop codon,is found to code for an amino acid such as tryptophan (usually coded for by UGG only) 
B) if one stop codon,such as UGA,is found to have the same effect on translation as another stop codon,such as UAA 
C) if prokaryotic organisms are able to translate a eukaryotic mRNA and produce the same polypeptide 
D) if several codons are found to translate to the same amino acid,such as serine

Question 7

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA,no corresponding tRNA enters the A site.If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point,which of the following sets of structures would you be able to isolate from the cell?

Accepted Answer

A) an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site 
B) separated ribosomal subunits,a polypeptide,and free tRNA 
C) an assembled ribosome with a separated polypeptide 
D) separated ribosomal subunits with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA 
A) an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site 
B) separated ribosomal subunits,a polypeptide,and free tRNA 
C) an assembled ribosome with a separated polypeptide 
D) separated ribosomal subunits with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA

Question 8

Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

Accepted Answer

A) a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene 
B) a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron 
C) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence 
D) a single nucleotide insertion downstream of,and close to,the start of the coding sequence 
A) a deletion of three nucleotides near the middle of a gene 
B) a single nucleotide deletion in the middle of an intron 
C) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence 
D) a single nucleotide insertion downstream of,and close to,the start of the coding sequence

Question 9

In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same cell,which of the following is true only of replication?

Accepted Answer

A) It uses RNA polymerase. 
B) It makes a new molecule from its 5' end to its 3' end. 
C) The process is extremely fast once it is initiated. 
D) The entire template molecule is represented in the product. 
A) It uses RNA polymerase. 
B) It makes a new molecule from its 5' end to its 3' end. 
C) The process is extremely fast once it is initiated. 
D) The entire template molecule is represented in the product.

Question 10

In eukaryotic cells,transcription cannot begin until

Accepted Answer

A) the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter. 
B) several transcription factors have bound to the promoter. 
C) the 5' caps are removed from the mRNA. 
D) the DNA introns are removed from the template. 
A) the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter. 
B) several transcription factors have bound to the promoter. 
C) the 5' caps are removed from the mRNA. 
D) the DNA introns are removed from the template.

Question 11

Which of the following is not true of a codon?

Accepted Answer

A) It may code for the same amino acid as another codon. 
B) It never codes for more than one amino acid. 
C) It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule. 
D) It is the basic unit of the genetic code. 
A) It may code for the same amino acid as another codon. 
B) It never codes for more than one amino acid. 
C) It extends from one end of a tRNA molecule. 
D) It is the basic unit of the genetic code.

Question 12

How do small RNAs in the spliceosome initiate the splicing of the pre-mRNA?

Accepted Answer

A) by base pairing to the exons on each side of the intron 
B) by binding to the 3'end of the pre-mRNA and removing the poly-A tail 
C) by base pairing to specific sites along the intron 
D) by base pairing to sites on both the intron and nearby exons 
A) by base pairing to the exons on each side of the intron 
B) by binding to the 3'end of the pre-mRNA and removing the poly-A tail 
C) by base pairing to specific sites along the intron 
D) by base pairing to sites on both the intron and nearby exons

Question 13

In the 1920s,Hermann Muller discovered that X-rays caused genetic changes in the fruit fly Drosophila.In a related series of experiments in the 1940s,other scientists discovered that other types of chemicals have a similar effect.A new chemical food additive is developed by a cereal manufacturer.Why is it necessary to test for its ability to cause mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) We worry that it might cause mutation in cereal grain plants. 
B) We want to make sure that it does not emit radiation. 
C) We want to be sure that it increases the rate of mutation sufficiently. 
D) We want to prevent any chance that it might cause mutations. 
A) We worry that it might cause mutation in cereal grain plants. 
B) We want to make sure that it does not emit radiation. 
C) We want to be sure that it increases the rate of mutation sufficiently. 
D) We want to prevent any chance that it might cause mutations.

Question 14

-What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule in the figure above?

Accepted Answer

A) covalent bonding between sulfur atoms 
B) ionic bonding between phosphates 
C) hydrogen bonding between base pairs 
D) van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms 
A) covalent bonding between sulfur atoms 
B) ionic bonding between phosphates 
C) hydrogen bonding between base pairs 
D) van der Waals interactions between hydrogen atoms

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of a poly-A tail in mRNA?

Accepted Answer

A) It adds the modified guanine to the 3' end of the mRNA. 
B) It indicates the site of translational termination. 
C) It is a sequence that codes for the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA. 
D) It helps protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes. 
A) It adds the modified guanine to the 3' end of the mRNA. 
B) It indicates the site of translational termination. 
C) It is a sequence that codes for the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA. 
D) It helps protect the mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 16

A part of the promoter,called the TATA box,is said to be highly conserved in many different organisms through evolution.Which of the following correctly describes why this is the case?

Accepted Answer

A) The sequence evolves very rapidly. 
B) The sequence does not mutate. 
C) Any mutation in the sequence is selected against. 
D) The sequence is found in many but not all promoters. 
A) The sequence evolves very rapidly. 
B) The sequence does not mutate. 
C) Any mutation in the sequence is selected against. 
D) The sequence is found in many but not all promoters.

Question 17

During the process of alternative RNA splicing,where on a pre-mRNA transcript does a spliceosome bind?

Accepted Answer

A) to the exons 
B) to the 5' untranslated region 
C) to the 3' untranslated region 
D) on certain sequences of an intron 
A) to the exons 
B) to the 5' untranslated region 
C) to the 3' untranslated region 
D) on certain sequences of an intron

Question 18

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms.Based on this information,one can logically assume which of the following statements to be correct?

Accepted Answer

A) A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism. 
B) Gene expression differs considerably in different organisms. 
C) DNA was the first genetic material. 
D) The same codons in different organisms translate into the different amino acids. 
A) A gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism. 
B) Gene expression differs considerably in different organisms. 
C) DNA was the first genetic material. 
D) The same codons in different organisms translate into the different amino acids.

Question 19

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

Accepted Answer

A) the protein product of the promoter 
B) start and stop codons 
C) ribosomes and tRNA 
D) several transcription factors 
A) the protein product of the promoter 
B) start and stop codons 
C) ribosomes and tRNA 
D) several transcription factors

Question 20

Which of the following types of mutation,resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the 5ʹ AUG start codon,is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?

Accepted Answer

A) a deletion of a codon 
B) a deletion of two nucleotides 
C) a substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon 
D) a substitution of the first nucleotide of a GGG codon 
A) a deletion of a codon 
B) a deletion of two nucleotides 
C) a substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon 
D) a substitution of the first nucleotide of a GGG codon

Exam 14: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Which of the following events in translation is the first to occur in eukaryotes?

In eukaryotes there are several different types of RNA polymerase.Which type is involved in transcription of mRNA known as pre-mRNA?

A eukaryotic mutation upstream of a particular gene has been identified that changes the sequence of the TATA box to GATA.How would you predict that this mutation would affect the transcription of this gene?

-Examine the table of codons in the figure above.A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be

Accuracy in the translation of mRNA into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide depends on specificity in which of the following characteristics?

The "universal" genetic code is now known to have exceptions.Evidence for this can be found if which of the following statements is true?

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA,no corresponding tRNA enters the A site.If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point,which of the following sets of structures would you be able to isolate from the cell?

Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism?

In comparing DNA replication with RNA transcription in the same cell,which of the following is true only of replication?

In eukaryotic cells,transcription cannot begin until

Which of the following is not true of a codon?

How do small RNAs in the spliceosome initiate the splicing of the pre-mRNA?

-What type of bonding is responsible for maintaining the shape of the tRNA molecule in the figure above?

Which of the following is a function of a poly-A tail in mRNA?

A part of the promoter,called the TATA box,is said to be highly conserved in many different organisms through evolution.Which of the following correctly describes why this is the case?

During the process of alternative RNA splicing,where on a pre-mRNA transcript does a spliceosome bind?

The genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms.Based on this information,one can logically assume which of the following statements to be correct?

Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?

Which of the following types of mutation,resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the 5ʹ AUG start codon,is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development,stem Cells,and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition,nutrition,and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons,synapses,and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Ecological Communities

Ecosystems and Energy

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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