Question 1

What event initiates development?

Accepted Answer

A) fertilization 
B) cleavage 
C) gastrulation 
D) organogenesis 
A) fertilization 
B) cleavage 
C) gastrulation 
D) organogenesis

Question 2

What problem would result from disrupted development of the allantois in both birds and mammals?

Accepted Answer

A) Inability to retain the fluid that surrounds the embryo 
B) Inability to form the placenta 
C) Problems with gas exchange 
D) Loss of nutritional stores 
A) Inability to retain the fluid that surrounds the embryo 
B) Inability to form the placenta 
C) Problems with gas exchange 
D) Loss of nutritional stores

Question 3

The head of a sperm is capped with an organelle that contains glycoprotein-digesting enzymes.What is this organelle called?

Accepted Answer

A) zona pellucida 
B) acrosome 
C) granulosa 
D) blastula 
E) neural cap 
A) zona pellucida 
B) acrosome 
C) granulosa 
D) blastula 
E) neural cap

Question 4

What would result if an error inside gastrulation caused too few cells inside the archenteron?

Accepted Answer

A) Too little endoderm,resulting in missing gut and organs 
B) Too little ectoderm,resulting in missing nervous system or skin 
C) Problems in muscle development 
D) Too little protoderm,resulting in missing organs 
A) Too little endoderm,resulting in missing gut and organs 
B) Too little ectoderm,resulting in missing nervous system or skin 
C) Problems in muscle development 
D) Too little protoderm,resulting in missing organs

Question 5

What would be the result of a mutation that reduces the amount of acrosomal enzymes?

Accepted Answer

A) Male infertility due to inability of the sperm to tunnel through the blastula. 
B) Male infertility due to inability of the sperm to tunnel through the zona pellucida. 
C) Female infertility due to blockage of sperm from tunneling through the allantois. 
D) Female infertility due to blockage of sperm from tunneling through the archenteron. 
A) Male infertility due to inability of the sperm to tunnel through the blastula. 
B) Male infertility due to inability of the sperm to tunnel through the zona pellucida. 
C) Female infertility due to blockage of sperm from tunneling through the allantois. 
D) Female infertility due to blockage of sperm from tunneling through the archenteron.

Question 6

To your chagrin,you and your labmate have discovered that you both labeled your petri dishes "A","B",and "C".How can you distinguish your sea urchin gastrula embryos from her frog gastrula embryos?

Accepted Answer

A) Unlike frogs,sea urchins are deuterostomes,which form the anus first and the mouth second. 
B) Sea urchin cells migrate inside to form the archenteron,whereas in frogs proliferation of dividing cells from the dorsal lip populate the inside of the embryo. 
C) Sea urchins have relatively yolk-poor eggs with similar animal and vegetal poles,whereas frogs have large amounts of yolk distinguishing the vegetal pole from the animal pole. 
D) Frogs have an animal pole and vegetal pole,whereas urchins have only a vegetal pole. 
A) Unlike frogs,sea urchins are deuterostomes,which form the anus first and the mouth second. 
B) Sea urchin cells migrate inside to form the archenteron,whereas in frogs proliferation of dividing cells from the dorsal lip populate the inside of the embryo. 
C) Sea urchins have relatively yolk-poor eggs with similar animal and vegetal poles,whereas frogs have large amounts of yolk distinguishing the vegetal pole from the animal pole. 
D) Frogs have an animal pole and vegetal pole,whereas urchins have only a vegetal pole.

Question 7

Egg activation by sperm entry is associated with a sudden increase in protein synthesis.What must be true of these proteins?

Accepted Answer

A) They are histone proteins. 
B) They are small peptides. 
C) They are from maternal mRNAs. 
D) They are from paternal mRNAs. 
A) They are histone proteins. 
B) They are small peptides. 
C) They are from maternal mRNAs. 
D) They are from paternal mRNAs.

Question 8

Which of the following regarding the Spemann organizer is true? (Check all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Signaling molecules from the organizer inhibit ventral development. 
B) The dorsal lip cells directly activate dorsal development. 
C) The organizer determines the dorsal-ventral axis. 
D) The organizer forms in the area of the grey crescent. 
E) The point of sperm entry determines the orientation of the organizer. 
A) Signaling molecules from the organizer inhibit ventral development. 
B) The dorsal lip cells directly activate dorsal development. 
C) The organizer determines the dorsal-ventral axis. 
D) The organizer forms in the area of the grey crescent. 
E) The point of sperm entry determines the orientation of the organizer.

Question 9

Your research project involves sea cucumbers,a poorly-understood group of echinoderms.You are trying to determine whether they block polyspermy by changing membrane potential like sea urchins do.In the chart below,you have counted the number of embryos that complete normal development after fertilization in either normal or low-sodium artificial sea water (ASW),for each of three sets of experiments.Looking over your data,what do you conclude?

Accepted Answer

A) Sea cucumbers appear not to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,which use an influx of Na+ that changes the membrane potential. 
B) Sea cucumbers appear not to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,which use an outflow of Na+ that changes the membrane potential. 
C) Sea cucumbers appear to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,via an influx of Na+ that changes the membrane potential. 
D) Sea cucumbers appear to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,via an outflow of Na+ that changes the membrane potential. 
A) Sea cucumbers appear not to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,which use an influx of Na+ that changes the membrane potential. 
B) Sea cucumbers appear not to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,which use an outflow of Na+ that changes the membrane potential. 
C) Sea cucumbers appear to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,via an influx of Na+ that changes the membrane potential. 
D) Sea cucumbers appear to block polyspermy the same way as sea urchins,via an outflow of Na+ that changes the membrane potential.

Exam 52: Animal Development

What event initiates development?

What problem would result from disrupted development of the allantois in both birds and mammals?

The head of a sperm is capped with an organelle that contains glycoprotein-digesting enzymes.What is this organelle called?

What would result if an error inside gastrulation caused too few cells inside the archenteron?

What would be the result of a mutation that reduces the amount of acrosomal enzymes?

To your chagrin,you and your labmate have discovered that you both labeled your petri dishes "A","B",and "C".How can you distinguish your sea urchin gastrula embryos from her frog gastrula embryos?

Egg activation by sperm entry is associated with a sudden increase in protein synthesis.What must be true of these proteins?

Which of the following regarding the Spemann organizer is true? (Check all that apply.)

The Science of Biology

The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water

The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

Cell Structure

Membranes

Energy and Metabolism

How Cells Harvest Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

How Cells Divide

Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

Patterns of Inheritance

Chromosomes, mapping, and the Meiosisinheritance Connection

Dna: the Genetic Material

Genes and How They Work

Control of Gene Expression

Biotechnology

Genomics

Cellular Mechanisms of Development

Genes Within Populations

The Evidence for Evolution

The Origin of Species

Systematics,phylogenies,and Comparative Biology

Genome Evolution

The Origin and Diversity of Life

Viruses

Prokaryotes

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Diversity and the Evolution of Body Plans

Protostomes

Deuterostomes

Plant Form

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition and Soils

Plant Defense Responses

Sensory Systems in Plants

Plant Reproduction

The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation

The Nervous System

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

The Musculoskeletal System

The Digestive System

The Respiratory System

The Circulatory System

Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

The Immune System

The Reproductive System

Behavioral Biology

Ecology of Individuals and Populations

Community Ecology

Dynamics of Ecosystems

The Biosphere and Human Impacts

Conservation Biology

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