Question 1

-Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 3 
B) 6 and 4 
C) 6 and 5 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3 
A) 1 and 3 
B) 6 and 4 
C) 6 and 5 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3 C

Question 2

Parental care in dinosaurs,crocodiles,and birds is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) homoplasy caused by convergence. 
B) homoplasy caused by common descent. 
C) homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. 
D) homology caused by convergence. 
E) homology caused by common descent. 
A) homoplasy caused by convergence. 
B) homoplasy caused by common descent. 
C) homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. 
D) homology caused by convergence. 
E) homology caused by common descent. E

Question 3

The following are steps used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species.Which step involves deciding which tree is most likely to have occurred,based on the fewest character state changes?

Accepted Answer

A) Polarize the characters. 
B) Establish the character states. 
C) Gather data on characters to be used. 
D) Apply the principle of parsimony. 
E) Select an outgroup. 
A) Polarize the characters. 
B) Establish the character states. 
C) Gather data on characters to be used. 
D) Apply the principle of parsimony. 
E) Select an outgroup. D

Question 4

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called

Accepted Answer

A) homologous characters. 
B) homoplastic characters. 
C) ancestral characters. 
D) derived characters. 
E) novel characters. 
A) homologous characters. 
B) homoplastic characters. 
C) ancestral characters. 
D) derived characters. 
E) novel characters.

Question 5

A derived character that is shared by all members of a clade is called a ________ of that clade.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A derived character that is shared by...

Question 6

A group is considered paraphyletic if

Accepted Answer

A) all members of the group share a common ancestor. 
B) not all descendants of the common ancestor are included. 
C) the common ancestor of the group is not included in the group. 
D) the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor. 
E) it is the most parsimonious grouping. 
A) all members of the group share a common ancestor. 
B) not all descendants of the common ancestor are included. 
C) the common ancestor of the group is not included in the group. 
D) the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor. 
E) it is the most parsimonious grouping.

Question 7

The biological specialty that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms is called taxonomy or ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The biological specialty that deals with the...

Question 8

Indicate the phylogenies that show the same relationship as the phylogeny above (Select all that apply).

Accepted Answer

A) 
   
B) 
   
C) 
   
D) 
   
A) 
   
B) 
   
C) 
   
D)

Question 9

-Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Accepted Answer

A) 4 and 2 
B) 5 and 4 
C) 6 and 1 
D) 6 and 2 
E) 5 and 2 
A) 4 and 2 
B) 5 and 4 
C) 6 and 1 
D) 6 and 2 
E) 5 and 2

Question 10

Character states shared by the ancestor or outgroup of a clade are called

Accepted Answer

A) derived traits. 
B) homoplasies. 
C) synapomorphies. 
D) plesiomorphies. 
E) symplesiomorphies. 
A) derived traits. 
B) homoplasies. 
C) synapomorphies. 
D) plesiomorphies. 
E) symplesiomorphies.

Question 11

Saber teeth found in different groups of extinct carnivorous mammals are considered ________ structures,as the fossil record shows that saber teeth evolved independently among the groups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Saber teeth found in different groups of...

Question 12

-Based on the phylogeny shown,the outgroup would be species

Accepted Answer

A) 1. 
B) 2. 
C) 3. 
D) 4. 
E) 5. 
A) 1. 
B) 2. 
C) 3. 
D) 4. 
E) 5.

Question 13

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which species would you designate as the outgroup?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 4 
C) 2 
D) 3 
E) 5 
A) 1 
B) 4 
C) 2 
D) 3 
E) 5

Question 14

Select the true statements describing why cladistics may not always be the best method for reconstructing phylogenies based on data from the DNA genome.

Accepted Answer

A) The rate of evolution of the DNA genome is rapid. 
B) The assumptions of the principle of parsimony are not always met. 
C) Homoplasy often dominates the data sets. 
D) The number of character states for DNA is large. 
A) The rate of evolution of the DNA genome is rapid. 
B) The assumptions of the principle of parsimony are not always met. 
C) Homoplasy often dominates the data sets. 
D) The number of character states for DNA is large.

Question 15

Based on the phylogeny shown,which characteristic is homoplastic?

Accepted Answer

A) tree 
B) needles 
C) flowers 
D) seeds 
A) tree 
B) needles 
C) flowers 
D) seeds

Question 16

Based on the phylogeny shown,indicate the groups that are monophyletic (Select all that apply).

Accepted Answer

A) rose and oak 
B) pine,ginkgo,oak,and rose 
C) fern,pine,and ginkgo 
D) Psaronius,fern,pine,ginkgo,oak,and rose 
A) rose and oak 
B) pine,ginkgo,oak,and rose 
C) fern,pine,and ginkgo 
D) Psaronius,fern,pine,ginkgo,oak,and rose

Question 17

The evolution of saber teeth in a number of groups of extinct carnivorous mammals is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) homoplasy caused by convergence. 
B) homoplasy caused by common descent. 
C) homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. 
D) homology caused by convergence. 
E) homology caused by common descent. 
A) homoplasy caused by convergence. 
B) homoplasy caused by common descent. 
C) homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. 
D) homology caused by convergence. 
E) homology caused by common descent.

Question 18

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 19

The principle of ________ favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The principle of ________ favors the hypothesis...

Question 20

Systematists often use DNA sequencing in ________,the study of the order of evolutionary events within a group sharing derived characters.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Systematists often use DNA sequencing in ________,the...

Exam 23: Systematics,phylogenies,and Comparative Biology

-Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Parental care in dinosaurs,crocodiles,and birds is an example of

The following are steps used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionary relationships of a group of species.Which step involves deciding which tree is most likely to have occurred,based on the fewest character state changes?

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called

A derived character that is shared by all members of a clade is called a ________ of that clade.

A group is considered paraphyletic if

The biological specialty that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms is called taxonomy or ________.

Indicate the phylogenies that show the same relationship as the phylogeny above (Select all that apply).

-Consider the cladogram shown.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Character states shared by the ancestor or outgroup of a clade are called

Saber teeth found in different groups of extinct carnivorous mammals are considered ________ structures,as the fossil record shows that saber teeth evolved independently among the groups.

-Based on the phylogeny shown,the outgroup would be species

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which species would you designate as the outgroup?

Select the true statements describing why cladistics may not always be the best method for reconstructing phylogenies based on data from the DNA genome.

Based on the phylogeny shown,which characteristic is homoplastic?

Based on the phylogeny shown,indicate the groups that are monophyletic (Select all that apply).

The evolution of saber teeth in a number of groups of extinct carnivorous mammals is an example of

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

The principle of ________ favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions.

Systematists often use DNA sequencing in ________,the study of the order of evolutionary events within a group sharing derived characters.

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