Question 1

Choose the true statements about molecular clocks.

Accepted Answer

A) All molecular clocks tick at the same rate. 
B) Molecular clocks can be calibrated using fossil evidence. 
C) The rate of a molecular clock for a given DNA character might vary depending on how constrained the character is by natural selection. 
D) Ultimately,all molecular clocks depend on the rate of DNA mutation and DNA repair mechanisms. 
A) All molecular clocks tick at the same rate. 
B) Molecular clocks can be calibrated using fossil evidence. 
C) The rate of a molecular clock for a given DNA character might vary depending on how constrained the character is by natural selection. 
D) Ultimately,all molecular clocks depend on the rate of DNA mutation and DNA repair mechanisms.

Question 2

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is represented by the greatest number of plesiomorphies?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 3

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 4 
B) 6 and 3 
C) 6 and 1 
D) 5 and 6 
E) 5 and 1 
A) 1 and 4 
B) 6 and 3 
C) 6 and 1 
D) 5 and 6 
E) 5 and 1

Question 4

A ________ group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ________ group does not contain the...

Question 5

The figure shows a cladogram of direct development versus development of a larval stage.Choose the true statements about the evolution of development in limpets.

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of structures in the transition from a larval stage to direct development prohibits evolutionary reversal. 
B) Direct development has evolved multiple times. 
C) Evolution always proceeds parsimoniously. 
D) Possession of a larval stage is the ancestral state in limpets. 
A) Loss of structures in the transition from a larval stage to direct development prohibits evolutionary reversal. 
B) Direct development has evolved multiple times. 
C) Evolution always proceeds parsimoniously. 
D) Possession of a larval stage is the ancestral state in limpets.

Question 6

The figure shows the evolutionary diversification of the largest clade of herbivorous beetles with the group of plants on which they specialize.Choose the true statements about the evolution of species richness in herbivorous beetles.

Accepted Answer

A) Feeding on conifers evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms. 
B) Feeding on cycads evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms. 
C) Diversification of the angiosperms may have led to diversification of herbivorous beetles. 
D) The multiple,independent evolution of herbivory in beetles is closely linked to their great species richness. 
A) Feeding on conifers evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms. 
B) Feeding on cycads evolved earlier than feeding on angiosperms. 
C) Diversification of the angiosperms may have led to diversification of herbivorous beetles. 
D) The multiple,independent evolution of herbivory in beetles is closely linked to their great species richness.

Question 7

-Based on the phylogeny shown,we can conclude that species 2 is most closely related to species

Accepted Answer

A) 1. 
B) 3. 
C) 4. 
D) 5. 
E) 1 or 3 (can't tell). 
A) 1. 
B) 3. 
C) 4. 
D) 5. 
E) 1 or 3 (can't tell).

Question 8

The evolution of conducting tubes (sieve tubes)in land plants and brown algae is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) homoplasy caused by convergence. 
B) homoplasy caused by common descent. 
C) homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. 
D) homology caused by convergence. 
E) homology caused by common descent. 
A) homoplasy caused by convergence. 
B) homoplasy caused by common descent. 
C) homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal. 
D) homology caused by convergence. 
E) homology caused by common descent.

Question 9

-Based on the phylogeny shown,choose the true statements about evolutionary relationships (Select all that apply).

Accepted Answer

A) A snake is more closely related to a newt than to a mouse. 
B) A newt is equally related to a snake and a chimp. 
C) A mouse is more closely related to a chimp than to a snake. 
D) A salamander is more closely related to a mouse than to a chimp. 
A) A snake is more closely related to a newt than to a mouse. 
B) A newt is equally related to a snake and a chimp. 
C) A mouse is more closely related to a chimp than to a snake. 
D) A salamander is more closely related to a mouse than to a chimp.

Question 10

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 6 
B) 1 and 4 
C) 4 and 6 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3 
A) 1 and 6 
B) 1 and 4 
C) 4 and 6 
D) 2 and 3 
E) 6 and 3

Question 11

The biological specialty that deals with the reconstruction and study of phylogenies is called ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The biological specialty that deals with the...

Question 12

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while a "1" indicates the derived condition.Based on this data,which pair of species diverged most recently?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 4 
B) 2 and 3 
C) 2 and 4 
D) 6 and 4 
E) 6 and 5 
A) 1 and 4 
B) 2 and 3 
C) 2 and 4 
D) 6 and 4 
E) 6 and 5

Question 13

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 14

-Consider the cladogram shown.Based on this cladogram,which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 3 
D) 4 
E) 5 
A) 1 
B) 2 
C) 3 
D) 4 
E) 5

Question 15

Choose the true statement about the morphological data in the chart shown below.The "1" in the box means the trait is present and the "0" indicates that the trait is absent.(Note: All of the characteristics across the top of the columns are considered "TRAITS" for purposes of reading the chart.).

Accepted Answer

A) All organisms in this chart share all of the derived characteristics. 
B) Only the gorilla and humans share all of the derived characteristics. 
C) The lamprey is the only outgroup since it has none of the derived characteristics. 
D) The salamander and the tiger together are the outgroup because they only share two of the derived characteristics (jaws and lungs). 
E) The shark is the outgroup since it only has one of the derived characteristics (jaws). 
A) All organisms in this chart share all of the derived characteristics. 
B) Only the gorilla and humans share all of the derived characteristics. 
C) The lamprey is the only outgroup since it has none of the derived characteristics. 
D) The salamander and the tiger together are the outgroup because they only share two of the derived characteristics (jaws and lungs). 
E) The shark is the outgroup since it only has one of the derived characteristics (jaws).

Question 16

Choose the true statements about the evolution of complex characters,such as powered flight.

Accepted Answer

A) Phylogenetic analysis using cladistics can help reveal the sequence leading to the evolution of a complex character. 
B) Usually a single mutation in one gene leads to the simultaneous appearance of the complex character. 
C) Often the initial stage in the evolution of a complex character was an adaptation to some unrelated selection pressure. 
D) The intermediate stages in the evolution of a complex character had no fitness advantage. 
A) Phylogenetic analysis using cladistics can help reveal the sequence leading to the evolution of a complex character. 
B) Usually a single mutation in one gene leads to the simultaneous appearance of the complex character. 
C) Often the initial stage in the evolution of a complex character was an adaptation to some unrelated selection pressure. 
D) The intermediate stages in the evolution of a complex character had no fitness advantage.

Question 17

A ________ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ________ group consists of the most...

Question 18

The behavior of parental care exhibited by dinosaurs is thought to be ________ to this behavior in crocodiles and birds because phylogeny shows that these three groups share a common ancestor.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The behavior of parental care exhibited by...

Question 19

Select all of the following that can result in homoplasies.

Accepted Answer

A) convergent evolution 
B) evolutionary reversals 
C) divergent evolution 
D) shared ancestry 
A) convergent evolution 
B) evolutionary reversals 
C) divergent evolution 
D) shared ancestry

Question 20

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Exam 23: Systematics,phylogenies,and Comparative Biology

Choose the true statements about molecular clocks.

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is represented by the greatest number of plesiomorphies?

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

A ________ group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

The figure shows a cladogram of direct development versus development of a larval stage.Choose the true statements about the evolution of development in limpets.

The figure shows the evolutionary diversification of the largest clade of herbivorous beetles with the group of plants on which they specialize.Choose the true statements about the evolution of species richness in herbivorous beetles.

-Based on the phylogeny shown,we can conclude that species 2 is most closely related to species

The evolution of conducting tubes (sieve tubes)in land plants and brown algae is an example of

-Based on the phylogeny shown,choose the true statements about evolutionary relationships (Select all that apply).

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which pair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

The biological specialty that deals with the reconstruction and study of phylogenies is called ________.

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,while a "1" indicates the derived condition.Based on this data,which pair of species diverged most recently?

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

-Consider the cladogram shown.Based on this cladogram,which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?

Choose the true statement about the morphological data in the chart shown below.The "1" in the box means the trait is present and the "0" indicates that the trait is absent.(Note: All of the characteristics across the top of the columns are considered "TRAITS" for purposes of reading the chart.).

Choose the true statements about the evolution of complex characters,such as powered flight.

A ________ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

The behavior of parental care exhibited by dinosaurs is thought to be ________ to this behavior in crocodiles and birds because phylogeny shows that these three groups share a common ancestor.

Select all of the following that can result in homoplasies.

-The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E)in six extant species (1-6).A "0" indicates the ancestral condition,and a "1" indicates the derived condition.Which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?

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