Question 1

What are the two components of the human placenta?

Accepted Answer

A) chorionic frondosum and chorionic villus 
B) chorionic frondosum and decidua basalis 
C) decidua basalis and chorionic villus 
D) chorionic villus and endometrium 
E) chorionic frondosum and amnion 
A) chorionic frondosum and chorionic villus 
B) chorionic frondosum and decidua basalis 
C) decidua basalis and chorionic villus 
D) chorionic villus and endometrium 
E) chorionic frondosum and amnion

Question 2

In 1999,researchers found that they could create hybrid embryos between two species of sea urchin that had been separated for 10 million years.By treating eggs to remove the jelly coat,the sperm of the other species was able to fertilize.What step of the fertilization process is normally blocked,preventing hybridization between these species?

Accepted Answer

A) Sperm penetration 
B) Membrane fusion 
C) Egg activation 
D) Nuclear fusion 
A) Sperm penetration 
B) Membrane fusion 
C) Egg activation 
D) Nuclear fusion

Question 3

What is the term for segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notochord and are added sequentially?

Accepted Answer

A) blastopores 
B) gastropores 
C) somites 
D) amniotic cells 
E) sensory neurons 
A) blastopores 
B) gastropores 
C) somites 
D) amniotic cells 
E) sensory neurons

Question 4

In this diagram,which of the following numbers represents the actual event of egg activation?

Accepted Answer

A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
E) V 
A) I 
B) II 
C) III 
D) IV 
E) V

Question 5

Which of the following activates the egg?

Accepted Answer

A) entrance of sperm into the zona pellucida 
B) contact of sperm with the outside of the zona pellucida 
C) contact of sperm with the vitelline envelope 
D) fusion of sperm and egg membranes 
E) fusion of sperm and egg nuclei 
A) entrance of sperm into the zona pellucida 
B) contact of sperm with the outside of the zona pellucida 
C) contact of sperm with the vitelline envelope 
D) fusion of sperm and egg membranes 
E) fusion of sperm and egg nuclei

Question 6

What is the first milk that is produced after birth called?

Accepted Answer

A) prolactase 
B) colostrum 
C) hCG 
D) chorionic lactase 
E) allantoicase 
A) prolactase 
B) colostrum 
C) hCG 
D) chorionic lactase 
E) allantoicase

Question 7

In 1998,researchers found that genes similar to the Drosophila gene tinman are necessary for heart development in vertebrates.What can you conclude about the ancient bilaterian ancestor of insects and vertebrates over 500 million years ago?

Accepted Answer

A) The fly species that eventually gave rise to vertebrates used tinman to make a heart. 
B) Something about heart development requires a gene to have a tinman-like sequence,but the vertebrate and invertebrate genes arose by convergent evolution -- so the ancestor had a similar but not homologous gene. 
C) The ancient ancestor lacked a heart,but already had a tinman-like gene. 
D) The ancestor had a heart-like structure that was specified by a tinman-like gene. 
A) The fly species that eventually gave rise to vertebrates used tinman to make a heart. 
B) Something about heart development requires a gene to have a tinman-like sequence,but the vertebrate and invertebrate genes arose by convergent evolution -- so the ancestor had a similar but not homologous gene. 
C) The ancient ancestor lacked a heart,but already had a tinman-like gene. 
D) The ancestor had a heart-like structure that was specified by a tinman-like gene.

Question 8

What stimulates milk production in mammary alveoli?

Accepted Answer

A) oxytocin 
B) prolactin 
C) chorionic gonadotropin 
D) progesterone 
E) estrogen 
A) oxytocin 
B) prolactin 
C) chorionic gonadotropin 
D) progesterone 
E) estrogen

Question 9

What would result if a defect in gastrulation caused too little mesoderm inside the embryo?

Accepted Answer

A) Too little endoderm,resulting in missing gut and organs 
B) Too little ectoderm,resulting in missing nervous system or skin 
C) Problems in muscle development 
D) Too little protoderm,resulting in missing organs 
A) Too little endoderm,resulting in missing gut and organs 
B) Too little ectoderm,resulting in missing nervous system or skin 
C) Problems in muscle development 
D) Too little protoderm,resulting in missing organs

Question 10

400 micrograms a day of folic acid are recommended for all women of child-bearing age.Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects in the first weeks of pregnancy,before most women even realize they are pregnant (and almost half of pregnancies in the U.S.are unintended).Knowing that folic acid promotes proper neural tube closure,which disease can be prevented by this supplement?

Accepted Answer

A) Spina bifida -- the vertebrae are unfused and may allow the spinal cord to protrude outside the body 
B) Horseshoe kidney -- the two kidneys are fused together across the midline 
C) Esophageal atresia -- the esophagus ends in a pouch,unconnected to the stomach 
D) Chronic otitis media -- frequent ear infections that can result from blocked eustachian tubes 
A) Spina bifida -- the vertebrae are unfused and may allow the spinal cord to protrude outside the body 
B) Horseshoe kidney -- the two kidneys are fused together across the midline 
C) Esophageal atresia -- the esophagus ends in a pouch,unconnected to the stomach 
D) Chronic otitis media -- frequent ear infections that can result from blocked eustachian tubes

Question 11

In blind cave fish,eyes do not form.However,transplantation of the lens from a closely-related aboveground fish into the optic cup of the cave fish induces eye development.What does this suggest about the loss of vision in the cave fish?

Accepted Answer

A) Primary induction of the eye fails in the cave fish because the lens lacks some critical signal. 
B) Secondary induction of the eye fails in the cave fish because the lens lacks some critical signal. 
C) Primary induction of the eye fails in the cave fish because the optic cup lacks the ability to receive some critical signal. 
D) Secondary induction of the eye fails in the cave fish because the optic cup lacks the ability to receive some critical signal. 
A) Primary induction of the eye fails in the cave fish because the lens lacks some critical signal. 
B) Secondary induction of the eye fails in the cave fish because the lens lacks some critical signal. 
C) Primary induction of the eye fails in the cave fish because the optic cup lacks the ability to receive some critical signal. 
D) Secondary induction of the eye fails in the cave fish because the optic cup lacks the ability to receive some critical signal.

Question 12

Which of the following animals undergoes rotational cleavage?

Accepted Answer

A) echinoderms 
B) annelids 
C) amphibians 
D) mammals 
E) reptiles 
A) echinoderms 
B) annelids 
C) amphibians 
D) mammals 
E) reptiles

Question 13

What basic developmental challenge is solved by the organizer?

Accepted Answer

A) enhancing migration of cells into the interior of the blastula 
B) assigning developmental fates to cells along the anterior-posterior axis 
C) creating an anterior-posterior axis by responding to maternally-deposited protein factors 
D) creating a dorsal-ventral axis from a spherical ball of cells 
A) enhancing migration of cells into the interior of the blastula 
B) assigning developmental fates to cells along the anterior-posterior axis 
C) creating an anterior-posterior axis by responding to maternally-deposited protein factors 
D) creating a dorsal-ventral axis from a spherical ball of cells

Question 14

What is the role of cleavage in the early embryo?

Accepted Answer

A) produce bigger cells 
B) produce many cells 
C) extrude polar bodies 
D) make the embryo larger 
E) create germ layers 
A) produce bigger cells 
B) produce many cells 
C) extrude polar bodies 
D) make the embryo larger 
E) create germ layers

Question 15

What can you conclude about a species heavily reliant on diffusible morphogens in early development?

Accepted Answer

A) They are likely to have incomplete cleavage (a syncytium). 
B) They are likely to lack an organizer. 
C) They are likely to have activation via a calcium wave. 
D) They are likely to have small amounts of yolk and holoblastic cleavage. 
A) They are likely to have incomplete cleavage (a syncytium). 
B) They are likely to lack an organizer. 
C) They are likely to have activation via a calcium wave. 
D) They are likely to have small amounts of yolk and holoblastic cleavage.

Question 16

Certain groups of cells move inward from the surface of the blastula in a carefully orchestrated migration called

Accepted Answer

A) blastulation 
B) archenteron formation 
C) morula formation 
D) gastrulation 
E) cleavage 
A) blastulation 
B) archenteron formation 
C) morula formation 
D) gastrulation 
E) cleavage

Question 17

A couple conceives at the beginning of January.During which month will their child be undergoing organogenesis?

Accepted Answer

A) January 
B) February 
C) March 
D) April 
A) January 
B) February 
C) March 
D) April

Question 18

Choose the letter of the best match from the following:
-The limbs,tail bud,and internal organs form.

Accepted Answer

A) third trimester of pregnancy 
B) second month of pregnancy 
C) first month of pregnancy 
D) second trimester of pregnancy 
E) third month of pregnancy 
A) third trimester of pregnancy 
B) second month of pregnancy 
C) first month of pregnancy 
D) second trimester of pregnancy 
E) third month of pregnancy

Question 19

In human females,what process causes milk production?

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. 
B) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by oxytocin from the anterior pituitary gland. 
C) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by prolactin from the posterior pituitary gland. 
D) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland. 
E) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by LH from the anterior pituitary gland. 
A) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland. 
B) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by oxytocin from the anterior pituitary gland. 
C) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by prolactin from the posterior pituitary gland. 
D) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland. 
E) Stimulation of the alveoli of the mammary glands by LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 20

You are studying the development of a poorly-understood species at the 8-cell stage.You use a laser to zap away a certain one of the eight cells,and discover that part of the gut is missing once the embryos finish development.Your colleague,who is working on a different species,uses the laser to blast away one of the cells in her embryos,zapping each of the possible cells in a set of eight experiments.However,when the embryos finish development,every one is perfectly normal! What can you conclude about the two species?

Accepted Answer

A) The first species has regulative development,the second has nonregulative development. 
B) The first species has nonregulative development,the second has regulative development. 
C) Both species have regulative development. 
D) Both species have nonregulative development. 
A) The first species has regulative development,the second has nonregulative development. 
B) The first species has nonregulative development,the second has regulative development. 
C) Both species have regulative development. 
D) Both species have nonregulative development.

Exam 52: Animal Development

What are the two components of the human placenta?

What is the term for segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notochord and are added sequentially?

In this diagram,which of the following numbers represents the actual event of egg activation?

Which of the following activates the egg?

What is the first milk that is produced after birth called?

In 1998,researchers found that genes similar to the Drosophila gene tinman are necessary for heart development in vertebrates.What can you conclude about the ancient bilaterian ancestor of insects and vertebrates over 500 million years ago?

What stimulates milk production in mammary alveoli?

What would result if a defect in gastrulation caused too little mesoderm inside the embryo?

In blind cave fish,eyes do not form.However,transplantation of the lens from a closely-related aboveground fish into the optic cup of the cave fish induces eye development.What does this suggest about the loss of vision in the cave fish?

Which of the following animals undergoes rotational cleavage?

What basic developmental challenge is solved by the organizer?

What is the role of cleavage in the early embryo?

What can you conclude about a species heavily reliant on diffusible morphogens in early development?

Certain groups of cells move inward from the surface of the blastula in a carefully orchestrated migration called

A couple conceives at the beginning of January.During which month will their child be undergoing organogenesis?

Choose the letter of the best match from the following: -The limbs,tail bud,and internal organs form.

In human females,what process causes milk production?

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