Question 1

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below. 
-Circle the root of the tree.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following to answer questions :
Refer...

Question 2

Suppose that mice and humans differ by 20 substitutions in their globin genes, and rats and mice differ by 5 substitutions. On the basis of other evidence, we know that the ancestor to humans and mice lived 80 million years ago. Assuming the molecular clock is operating, rats and mice split from each other _______ million years ago.

Accepted Answer

A)  5 
B)  10 
C)  20 
D)  40 
E)  80

Question 3

A shared derived trait, used as the basis for inferring a monophyletic group, is called

Accepted Answer

A)  a synapomorphy. 
B)  a homoplasy. 
C)  a parallel trait. 
D)  a convergent trait. 
E)  a phylogeny.

Question 4

In modern systematics, each family name is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  the name of the order to which it belongs. 
B)  a characteristic common to all members. 
C)  the name of a member genus. 
D)  the name of the largest member species. 
E)  the Latin name for the organisms.

Question 5

A clade is

Accepted Answer

A)  a type of phylogenetic tree. 
B)  a group of evolutionarily related species that share a common ancestor. 
C)  a tool for constructing phylogenetic trees. 
D)  an extinct species. 
E)  an ancestral species.

Question 6

Which of the following represents a correct size ranking of taxonomic categories, from the smallest to the largest?

Accepted Answer

A)  Family, genus, order, species 
B)  Species, genus, order, family 
C)  Species, genus, family, order 
D)  Genus, species, family, order 
E)  None of the above

Question 7

Species A and B have long wings, whereas species C has short wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the hypothesis that long wings are a synapomorphy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had long wings 
B)  Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had short wings 
C)  DNA evidence showing that species A and C are sister species 
D)  DNA evidence showing that species B and C are sister species 
E)  Evidence showing that species A and B live in an environment that favors long wings, whereas species C lives in an environment that favors short wings

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below of a phylogenetic tree. 
-Which of the following synapomorphies unites the pigeon and the lizard?

Accepted Answer

A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Keratinous scales 
D)  Both a and b 
E)  None of the above

Question 9

Derived traits that are shared among a group of species are known as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Derived traits that are shared among a...

Question 10

Which of the following cannot result in homoplasy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Convergent evolution 
B)  Evolutionary reversals 
C)  Descent from a common ancestor 
D)  Similar selection pressures 
E)  All of the above can result in homoplasy.

Question 11

The _______ of a phylogenetic tree represents the common ancestor, the _______ represent places where lineages diverge, and the _______ axis represents time. Assume that the tree is oriented as described in the textbook.

Accepted Answer

A)  node; roots; horizontal 
B)  root; nodes; vertical 
C)  root; branches; horizontal 
D)  root; nodes; horizontal 
E)  root; branches; vertical

Question 12

A major disadvantage of maximum likelihood methods is that they

Accepted Answer

A)  are difficult to fit into a statistical framework. 
B)  require explicit models of evolutionary change. 
C)  can be used only on molecular data. 
D)  can be used only for closely related species. 
E)  None of the above

Question 13

The bones in the wings of birds and bats are _______ because they derived from a _______ ancestor, while the wings are _______ traits.

Accepted Answer

A)  homologs; common; nonhomologous 
B)  homologous; common; homoplastic 
C)  homoplasies; different; homologous 
D)  homologous; different; homoplastic 
E)  homologs; common; homologous

Question 14

In the phylogenetic studies, researchers added mutagens over the course of the studies. This method _______ the accuracy of the reconstruction, because the mutagen _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  calls into question; increases the amount of homoplasy 
B)  calls into question; decreases the amount of homoplasy 
C)  calls into question; increases the mutation rate 
D)  confirms; increases the amount of homoplasy 
E)  confirms; decreases the amount of homoplasy

Question 15

The parsimony principle can be used to infer phylogenetic trees because

Accepted Answer

A)  evolution is nearly always parsimonious. 
B)  it is logical to adopt the simplest hypothesis capable of explaining the known facts. 
C)  once a trait changes, it never reverses condition. 
D)  all species have an equal probability of evolving. 
E)  closely related species are always very similar to one another.

Question 16

Homoplasies can arise via

Accepted Answer

A)  convergent evolution. 
B)  synapomorphies. 
C)  evolutionary reversals. 
D)  Both a and c 
E)  Both b and c

Question 17

Refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in below. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The tree is polyphyletic. 
B)  The tree is based on homoplastic traits. 
C)  The mouse is the sister species to the chimpanzee. 
D)  The lizard is more closely related to the salamander than to the crocodile. 
E)  The lamprey is the outgroup because it is not a vertebrate.

Question 18

The phylogenetic tree shown in below is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acid sequences of viral proteins. 
B)  DNA sequences of the host. 
C)  DNA sequences of the ancestral virus. 
D)  DNA sequences of just the viruses at the tips of the tree. 
E)  DNA sequences of viruses at the nodes.

Question 19

Phyla are composed of _______, which in turn are composed of _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Phyla are composed of _______, which in...

Question 20

The common ancestor of all of the species displayed in a phylogenetic tree lies at the _______ of the tree.

Accepted Answer

A)  node 
B)  root 
C)  tip 
D)  taxon 
E)  None of the above

Exam 22: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the diagram below. -Circle the root of the tree.