Question 1

Modularity of development also allows the _______ of developmental processes to change _______ one another. This process is known as "_______."

Accepted Answer

A)   location; independently of; heterozygosity
B)   location; independently of; heterochrony
C)   timing; independently of; heterochrony
D)   timing; dependent on; heterozygosity
E)   location; dependent on; heterochrony C

Question 2

In animals with temperature-sensitive sex selection,

Accepted Answer

A)   testosterone is produced only in males.
B)   estrogen is made at lower temperatures.
C)   applying estrogen to eggs results in the development of females at all temperatures.
D)   applying estrogen to eggs results in the development of males at all temperatures.
E)   higher temperatures of incubation favor androgen synthesis. C

Question 3

Phenotypic plasticity in the moth Nemoria arizonaria is

Accepted Answer

A)   exhibited by the adult moth.
B)   elicited by changes in temperature.
C)   elicited by changes in the diet of the caterpillars with the seasons.
D)   of no adaptive significance.
E)   caused by changes in day length. C

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the gene eyeless is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   It encodes a transcription factor.
B)   It is found in Drosophila.
C)   Pax6 is the equivalent gene in mice.
D)   All of the above
E)   None of the above

Question 5

How many times have wings evolved independently in vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A)   Once
B)   Twice
C)   Three times
D)   Four times
E)   More than four times

Question 6

Why do insects have legs only on thoracic segments, whereas centipedes have legs on thoracic and abdominal segments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why do insects have legs only on...

Question 7

Flies have _______ eyes, while mammals have _______ eyes.

Accepted Answer

A)   cameralike; compound
B)   cameralike; binocular
C)   compound; cameralike
D)   compound; heterochronic
E)   simple; compound

Question 8

"Genetic switches"

Accepted Answer

A)   control the use of the genetic toolkit.
B)   control when and where genes are turned on.
C)   involve translational activation.
D)   counteract modularity in development.
E)   Both a and b

Question 9

Developmental plasticity

Accepted Answer

A)   refers to the ability of an organism to change its genotype in response to its environment.
B)   means that a single genotype can produce more than one phenotype.
C)   arises because of modularity.
D)   is usually harmful to a species.
E)   does not occur in plants.

Question 10

Larvae of the moth Nemoria arizonaria develop into different forms depending on the season in which they hatch. The environmental signal that causes this difference is

Accepted Answer

A)   temperature at the time that they hatch.
B)   the part of the oak on which they feed.
C)   day length at the time that they hatch.
D)   the level of rain that has fallen recently.
E)   the amount and intensity of sunlight present as they develop.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions :
The diagram below shows the association of phenotype and gene expression patterns in five different species. The top portion shows the phylogeny of the five species; below the phylogeny are the phenotypes of the five species; and at the bottom are the expression patterns for three different genes (genes 1, 2, and 3) at two different time points in development (early and late), and in two different locations in the embryo (top and bottom). 
-Which gene's expression is associated with the additional segment seen in species B and E?

Accepted Answer

A)   Gene 1
B)   Gene 2
C)   Gene 3
D)   Both gene 1 and gene 2
E)   Both gene 2 and gene 3

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of heterochrony?

Accepted Answer

A)   A gene whose expression causes legs to form
B)   A gene whose expression inhibits the formation of legs
C)   A gene whose expression causes one segment to start growing sooner than it would in the absence of that gene
D)   A gene whose expression affects more than one module
E)   None of the above

Question 13

There are morphological differences between adult chickens and ducks that relate to the duck's aquatic lifestyle. Why were these adaptations able to occur without influencing the development of the rest of the duck's morphology?

Accepted Answer

The answer of There are morphological differences between adult chickens...

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions :
The diagram below shows the association of phenotype and gene expression patterns in five different species. The top portion shows the phylogeny of the five species; below the phylogeny are the phenotypes of the five species; and at the bottom are the expression patterns for three different genes (genes 1, 2, and 3) at two different time points in development (early and late), and in two different locations in the embryo (top and bottom). 
-The appendage in species D is most likely associated with which process?

Accepted Answer

A)   Changes in the timing of gene expression
B)   Changes in the location of gene expression
C)   Phenotypic plasticity
D)   Both a and c
E)   Both b and c

Question 15

In studies of gene expression, which of the following would be the least likely observation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Expression of a gene important in developmental processes varies with temperature.
B)   One insect species has a pair of wings that its relatives lack; these evolved as the result of a radically different developmental process.
C)   A species of fish is much larger than its relatives because of the much earlier expression of a gene that affects bone growth.
D)   The amino acid sequence of a Hox gene protein is extremely similar in nematodes and humans.
E)   The expression pattern of a gene important in development is more restricted in its spatial result in one rodent species than in all others; this leads to that species having a narrower face.

Question 16

Which of the following is responsible for the webbed feet of ducks?

Accepted Answer

A)   The loss of a developmental gene
B)   The gain of a developmental gene
C)   An altered temporal expression pattern of a developmental gene
D)   An altered spatial expression pattern of a developmental gene
E)   Developmental plasticity

Question 17

Conservation efforts to restore sea turtle populations often rely on collecting eggs, incubating them in captivity, and then releasing hatchlings. Why would knowledge of temperature-determined sex be critical to such efforts?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Conservation efforts to restore sea turtle populations...

Question 18

The DNA sequence of a conserved region of the mouse Pax6 gene is from 77 to 85 percent identical to that of homologs from distant animal relatives. Yet the amino acid sequence identity among the homologs is 100 percent. How can this be?

Accepted Answer

A)   The genetic code is degenerate.
B)   There were errors in transcription.
C)   There was a frame-shift mutation.
D)   Codon usage varies.
E)   Both a and d

Question 19

According to Francois Jacob, evolution works like a _______, assembling new structures from combinations of old ones.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Francois Jacob, evolution works like...

Question 20

Ducks have webbed feet and chickens do not because

Accepted Answer

A)   ducks need webbed feet to swim, whereas terrestrial chickens do not.
B)   both duck and chicken embryos express BMP4 in the webbing between the toes, but the Gremlin gene is expressed in the webbing cells only in ducks.
C)   both duck and chicken embryos express BMP4 in the webbing between the toes, but the Gremlin gene is expressed in the webbing cells only in chickens.
D)   only duck embryos express BMP4 in the webbing between the toes.
E)   only chicken embryos express BMP4 in the webbing between the toes.

Exam 20: Development and Evolutionary Change

Modularity of development also allows the ___ of developmental processes to change _ one another. This process is known as "_____."