Question 1

Which of the following investigations is useful in differentiating intermittent claudication due to arterial disease and neurogenic claudication?

Accepted Answer

A) Real-time Duplex scanning 
B) Doppler flow studies 
C) Digital subtraction angiography scan 
D) All of above

Question 2

A patient presenting with features of renal failure has amyloidosis. He is at risk of developing which type of cardiomyopathy?

Accepted Answer

A) Restrictive cardiomyopathy 
B) Dilated cardiomyopathy 
C) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
D) Ischemic cardiomyopathy

Question 3

Which of the following factors puts an individual at increased risk of atherosclerotic disease?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased physical activity, low body mass index, decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 
B) Increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity 
C) Family history of atherosclerotic disease, increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 
D) Obesity, low triglyceride levels

Question 4

A patient complains of pain in his calf, buttocks, and thighs after brisk walking or strenuous activity; the pain is relieved when activity is stopped. Pentoxifylline was prescribed to treat this patient's condition. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

A) Block pain receptor in extremities, increases venous drainage 
B) Increases blood flow to the extremities by decreasing blood viscosity. 
C) Decreases muscle metabolism, opens more sodium channel, dissolves clots 
D) Block pain receptors, blocks nerve conduction in pain fibres

Question 5

A patient suffers an acute myocardial infarction. Which of the following cells are not expected to be present in pathological examination of the myocardial tissue 7 days after the infarction?

Accepted Answer

A) Neutrophils 
B) Macrophages 
C) Monocytes 
D) Fibroblasts

Question 6

A nurse is caring for a patient who has mitral stenosis. The patient is being released after diagnostic work up and will be receiving medications. What is the role of medications in the treatment of mitral stenosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Medications are not used to treat mitral stenosis 
B) Medications will not cure the condition, but relieve the symptoms and may prevent complications 
C) Medications are used only in the first few weeks after the condition has been diagnosed. 
D) Medications are used only several months after the condition has been diagnosed.

Question 7

Which surgical procedure is used as a bridge to aortic valve replacement surgery in critically ill patient with end-stage aortic stenosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Commissurotomy 
B) Balloon valvuloplasty 
C) Aortotomy 
D) Debridement

Question 8

The patient who is experiencing cardiogenic shock is at risk for what complication?

Accepted Answer

A) Another myocardial infarction 
B) Pulmonary embolus 
C) Pulmonary edema 
D) Ventricular-septal defection

Question 9

Chordoplasty is the procedure used to repair which of the following cardiac structures?

Accepted Answer

A) Cardiac valves 
B) Chordae tendinea 
C) Annular ring 
D) Cardiac muscles

Question 10

Which of the following sentences correctly describes the EKG findings of second-degree AV block, Wenckebach?

Accepted Answer

A) No relationship between P wave and QRS complex 
B) Progressive lengthening of PR interval followed by a P wave without an associated QRS complex 
C) Prolonged PR interval with narrow QRS complex 
D) Prolonged PR interval with wide QRS complex

Question 11

A patient is complaining of throbbing pain in, and discoloration of the skin of her legs and varicose veins. What are the possible complications if this patient is not treated?

Accepted Answer

A) Intermittent claudication, Raynaud's disease 
B) Deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, venous ulcers 
C) Vasculitis, thrombophlebitis, Raynaud's disease 
D) Lymphangitis, skin cancer, gangrene

Question 12

Which of the following endocrine diseases may cause hypotension?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypothyroidism, Addison's disease 
B) Cushing syndrome, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) 
C) Hyperpituitarism, hypoparathyroidism, diabetes insipidus 
D) Hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus

Question 13

The diagnostic work up for a patient who wants to be screened for presence of valvular heart disease should include which of the following diagnostic tools?

Accepted Answer

A) Electrocardiogram, echocardiography, chest x-ray 
B) Electrocardiogram, stress echocardiography, chest CT 
C) Electrocardiogram, treadmill test, Holter monitoring 
D) Electrocardiogram, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Question 14

Which of the following statements is correct about aneurysms?

Accepted Answer

A) Aneurysms affect all ethnic groups equally 
B) Aneurysms are most common in aorta 
C) Aneurysms are common in younger age groups 
D) Abdominal aneurysms are more common in men, and uncommon in African Americans.

Question 15

Which of the following complications of pericarditis causes permanent thickening of the pericardium and interferes with the function of heart muscle?

Accepted Answer

A) Pericardial effusion 
B) Constrictive pericarditis 
C) Arrhythmia 
D) Cardiac tamponade

Question 16

Which of the following surgical procedures is used to repair the junction between the cardiac valve leaflet and the cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

A) Annuloplasty 
B) Chordoplasty 
C) Commissurotomy 
D) Commissuroplasty

Question 17

Which of the following adverse effects do not match the treatment modalities used for venous insufficiency?

Accepted Answer

A) Sclerotherapy - allergic reaction, cutaneous necrosis 
B) Surgical ablation - infection, peripheral nerve damage, and arterial injury 
C) Radiofrequency ablation - skin burns, injury to adjacent tissues, and injury to deep veins 
D) Endovenous laser therapy - allergic reaction, injury to deep arteries

Question 18

Which of the following combinations of pharmacologic agents are used for treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy?

Accepted Answer

A) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (AC
E)  inhibitors, beta agonists, alpha blockers 
B) Angiotensin-receptor blockers, antibiotics, immunosuppressants 
C) Angiotensin-receptor blockers, alpha agonists, beta agonists 
D) ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true for mechanical prosthetic valves versus biological valve?

Accepted Answer

A) Mechanical valves require the use of life-long anticoagulant therapy while biologic valves never require anticoagulant therapy 
B) Mechanical valves last longer and thus are suitable for younger patients while biological valves deteriorate at a faster rate 
C) Both mechanical and biological valves require the use of life-long anticoagulant therapy 
D) Valve replacement cures the patient. None of the prosthetic valves need anticoagulation.

Question 20

Which disease has the combination of a ventricular septal defect with an aorta that overrides the septal defect, stenosis of the pulmonic valve, and increased thickness of the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

A) Chagas' disease 
B) Eisenmenger's syndrome 
C) Löffler's syndrome 
D) Tetralogy of Fallot

Exam 2: Problems