Question 1

Pharmacologic agents used to prevent long-term complications in a patient after cardiac transplantation include the following:

Accepted Answer

A) Immunosuppressive agents, antihypertensives, and lipid lowering agents 
B) Immunosuppressive agents, anticoagulants, and antibiotics 
C) Immunosuppressive agents, anticoagulants, and diuretics 
D) Immunosuppressive agents, anticoagulants, and antihypertensives

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true about the prognosis of intermittent claudication?

Accepted Answer

A) Prognosis of individuals diagnosed with intermittent claudication is good because the condition typically stabilizes or improves over time 
B) The condition remains stable for years with intermittent exacerbations 
C) The condition takes years to improve as it takes long to form new blood vessels 
D) New smaller blood vessels can never compensate for larger blood vessels in the legs

Question 3

The prevalence of intermittent claudication is estimated to be about 4.5 million. How many of these individuals need surgical intervention?

Accepted Answer

A) A.50% 
B) 30% 
C) 10% 
D) 70%

Question 4

Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is characterized by which of the following malformations?

Accepted Answer

A) Aorta arising from left ventricle and pulmonary artery from right ventricle but crossing over each other abnormally 
B) Aorta arising anteriorly from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arising posteriorly from the left ventricle 
C) Both aorta and pulmonary artery arising from left ventricle 
D) Both aorta and pulmonary artery arising from right ventricle

Question 5

Surgical procedures involving division of common atrioventricular valve + closure of ASD and VSD + creation of separate tricuspid and mitral valve are performed for which of the following congenital heart diseases?

Accepted Answer

A) Tetralogy of Fallot 
B) Ventricular septal defect 
C) Atrial septal defect 
D) Endocardial cushion defects

Question 6

Which of the following surgeries is the procedure of choice for correction of TGA?

Accepted Answer

A) Arterial switch operation 
B) Senning procedure 
C) Mustard procedure 
D) Balloon septoplasty

Question 7

Which of the following are non-cardiac causes of pulmonary edema?

Accepted Answer

A) Dengue fever, carbon monoxide poisoning, vasovagal syncope 
B) Urinary tract infections, decompression sickness, exposure to carbon monoxide 
C) Lung infections, exposure to certain toxins such as chlorine, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide, adverse reaction to chemotherapy drugs, high altitude 
D) Disease of pulmonary artery, asthma, COPD, immotile cilia syndrome

Question 8

Which of the following risk factors of aneurysm cannot be prevented?

Accepted Answer

A) Young age, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus 
B) Hypertension, hypercoagulable state, 
C) Atherosclerotic disease, dyslipidemia 
D) Family history of aneurysm, age over 50

Question 9

A two-year-old child has frequent respiratory tract infections, poor weight gain, and lack of appetite. During auscultation the nurse hears a quiet ejection murmur at the left sternal border and a split second heart sound. Which of the following procedures would be useful in making a diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Electrocardiogram, PET scan, ventilation-perfusion scan 
B) Chest x-ray, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging 
C) Electrocardiogram, CT scan, ultrasonography 
D) Doppler flow study, thallium scan, ventriculography

Question 10

An 80-year-old male who has diabetes is scheduled for CABG surgery. There is a 70 % obstruction in the left main coronary artery, a 60% obstruction in the right coronary artery, and depressed ventricular function. Which of the following is not a factor that increases this patient's risk for mortality associated with CABG surgery?

Accepted Answer

A) Older age 
B) Left main disease 
C) Diabetes 
D) Male gender

Question 11

Which of the vessels is not used as a graft in coronary artery bypass grafting?

Accepted Answer

A) Internal mammary artery 
B) Radial artery 
C) Saphenous vein graft 
D) Subclavian artery

Question 12

Which of the following malformations are parts of Ebstein anomaly?

Accepted Answer

A) Massively enlarged right atria 
B) Malformation of septal and posterior leaflet of tricuspid valve 
C) Mitral stenosis 
D) Interatrial communication and tricuspid regurgitation

Question 13

Which of the following tests can differentiate between systolic and diastolic dysfunction in heart failure?

Accepted Answer

A) Chest x-ray 
B) Radionuclide ventriculography 
C) Echocardiogram 
D) Cardiac catheterization

Question 14

Which educational tool is most appropriate for a patient with reduced visual acuity?

Accepted Answer

A) Computerized instruction 
B) Video 
C) Audio tape/CDs 
D) Pamphlets

Question 15

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of Shy-Drager syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A) Severe uncontrolled hypertension 
B) Severe hypotension when standing and severe hypertension when lying down 
C) Problems with coordination and speech 
D) Severe hypotension and muscle tremor

Question 16

Cardiac transplantation was performed in a patient who had end-stage cardiovascular disease. What is the 10-year life expectancy of this patient?

Accepted Answer

A) More than five years 
B) Less than 1 year 
C) More than 1 year 
D) Two years

Question 17

Which of the following statements is not true about neurally-mediated hypotension?

Accepted Answer

A) Use of graduated compression stocking makes the symptoms worse 
B) It happens due to pooling of blood in the legs and feet leading to sudden blood pressure drops 
C) It is caused by a malfunction between the brain and cardiovascular system 
D) A drop in blood pressure after standing for long periods

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tetralogy of Fallot?

Accepted Answer

A) Large ventricular septal defect 
B) Right ventricular outflow obstruction 
C) Right ventricular hypertrophy 
D) A left to right cardiac shunt

Question 19

A patient has dilated cardiomyopathy and his left ventricular ejection fraction is 15%. The patient has been scheduled to undergo cardiac transplant surgery. Which of the following would be contraindications for the surgery?

Accepted Answer

A) Age > 60 years 
B) Hepatitis C positive 
C) Diabetes 
D) Hypertension

Question 20

An intensive care nurse answers a rapid response call for a 54-year-old female patient on the pre-surgery floor who is scheduled to have a left partial knee replacement later today. When the nurse arrives, she notes the ashen color of the woman's face and profuse sweating. The monitor shows a blood pressure of 170/90, a heart rate of 122 and an oxygen saturation of 92% on 1 liter of oxygen. The admitting nurse states that the woman had been complaining of nausea. What is the most likely cause of the patient's condition?

Accepted Answer

A) Pulmonary embolism 
B) Myocardial infarction 
C) Cardiac tamponade 
D) Anxiety attack

Exam 2: Problems