Question 1

What is the hard compact layer found on the surface of bones?

Accepted Answer

A) cortical bone 
B) spongy bone 
C) trabecular bone 
D) both b & c 
A) cortical bone 
B) spongy bone 
C) trabecular bone 
D) both b & c

Question 2

Which factors influenced the setting of the RDA for phosphorus over the various stages of life?

Accepted Answer

A) the amount needed to maintain normal blood phosphorus levels. 
B) in children and teens,the amount needed for bone and tissue growth 
C) the increase in absorption observed during pregnancy 
D) all of the above 
A) the amount needed to maintain normal blood phosphorus levels. 
B) in children and teens,the amount needed for bone and tissue growth 
C) the increase in absorption observed during pregnancy 
D) all of the above

Question 3

Which is NOT a function of the parathyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

A) increasing appetite for calcium-containing foods. 
B) stimulating calcium release from bone. 
C) reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. 
D) activating vitamin D. 
A) increasing appetite for calcium-containing foods. 
B) stimulating calcium release from bone. 
C) reducing calcium excretion by the kidney. 
D) activating vitamin D.

Question 4

Which cells are responsible for bone formation?

Accepted Answer

Osteoblast cells are

Question 5

What is the purpose of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos)?

Accepted Answer

A) to study how osteoporosis and bone fractures affect Canadians. 
B) to determine factors that can prevent,detect,and treat osteoporosis 
C) to publish studies on various aspects of osteoporosis 
D) all of the above. 
A) to study how osteoporosis and bone fractures affect Canadians. 
B) to determine factors that can prevent,detect,and treat osteoporosis 
C) to publish studies on various aspects of osteoporosis 
D) all of the above.

Question 6

What happens as calcium intake increases?

Accepted Answer

A) the percentage absorbed declines. 
B) active transport becomes more important. 
C) more vitamin C is required. 
D) more iron is absorbed. 
A) the percentage absorbed declines. 
B) active transport becomes more important. 
C) more vitamin C is required. 
D) more iron is absorbed.

Question 7

Describe the role of magnesium as a cofactor;use specific examples.

Accepted Answer

Magnesium is a cofactor for ov

Question 8

How are blood levels of magnesium regulated?

Accepted Answer

A) absorption across the small intestine. 
B) elimination in the feces 
C) uptake by the liver 
D) excretion or retention by the kidneys. 
A) absorption across the small intestine. 
B) elimination in the feces 
C) uptake by the liver 
D) excretion or retention by the kidneys.

Question 9

What is a consequence of the consumption of soft drinks?

Accepted Answer

A) It provides necessary nutrients. 
B) It has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk. 
C) It adds nutrient dense kcalories to the diet. 
D) It is not of nutritional concern. 
A) It provides necessary nutrients. 
B) It has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk. 
C) It adds nutrient dense kcalories to the diet. 
D) It is not of nutritional concern.

Question 10

A group of adolescents were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group.The treatment group was given inulin to consume,while the control group was given a placebo.The effect of the inulin on calcium absorption and bone density was measured at the end of one year.The conclusion of the researchers was that inulin increased the bioavailability of calcium and improved bone health.How would you describe this study?

Accepted Answer

A) The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the treatment group;there was also an increase in bone density in the treatment group. 
B) The study is an observational study in which a higher intake of inulin was associated with increased bone density. 
C) The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the control group;there was also an increase in bone density in the control group. 
D) The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the treatment group,but there NO increase in bone density in the treatment group. 
A) The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the treatment group;there was also an increase in bone density in the treatment group. 
B) The study is an observational study in which a higher intake of inulin was associated with increased bone density. 
C) The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the control group;there was also an increase in bone density in the control group. 
D) The study is an intervention trial in which calcium absorption increased in the treatment group,but there NO increase in bone density in the treatment group.

Question 11

The RDA for calcium during lactation is the same as for a non-pregnant non-lactating woman.Why?

Accepted Answer

A) Newborns are quickly weaned off breast milk so the mother does not require very much additional calcium for milk production. 
B) Calcium to support the growth of a newborn's skeleton is derived from the maternal skeleton and is quickly regained after weaning. 
C) Calcium to support the growth of a newborn's skeleton is NOT derived from the maternal skeleton so additional calcium to maintain bone health is not required. 
D) All the calcium required for the first 6 months of an infant's life is present in the skeleton at birth. 
A) Newborns are quickly weaned off breast milk so the mother does not require very much additional calcium for milk production. 
B) Calcium to support the growth of a newborn's skeleton is derived from the maternal skeleton and is quickly regained after weaning. 
C) Calcium to support the growth of a newborn's skeleton is NOT derived from the maternal skeleton so additional calcium to maintain bone health is not required. 
D) All the calcium required for the first 6 months of an infant's life is present in the skeleton at birth.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?

Accepted Answer

A) muscle contraction 
B) ATP stabilization 
C) blood pressure regulation 
D) hormone secretion 
A) muscle contraction 
B) ATP stabilization 
C) blood pressure regulation 
D) hormone secretion

Question 13

What change in bone metabolism typically takes place as people enter their forties?

Accepted Answer

A) bone formation exceeds bone breakdown. 
B) bone formation is equal to bone breakdown. 
C) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation. 
D) the skeleton is weak and fractures easily. 
A) bone formation exceeds bone breakdown. 
B) bone formation is equal to bone breakdown. 
C) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation. 
D) the skeleton is weak and fractures easily.

Question 14

Why,in 2010,did the IOM reduce the UL for calcium for adults over age 50?

Accepted Answer

A) there was too much interference with iron and zinc availability. 
B) studies suggested this population was especially vulnerable to kidney stones. 
C) this population has more post-menopausal women. 
D) the long-term effects could possibly result in iron toxicity. 
A) there was too much interference with iron and zinc availability. 
B) studies suggested this population was especially vulnerable to kidney stones. 
C) this population has more post-menopausal women. 
D) the long-term effects could possibly result in iron toxicity.

Question 15

Which statement accurately describes tetany?

Accepted Answer

A) It occurs when the extracellular concentration of calcium is too high. 
B) It causes muscles to contract. 
C) It is never life-threatening. 
D) It is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency. 
A) It occurs when the extracellular concentration of calcium is too high. 
B) It causes muscles to contract. 
C) It is never life-threatening. 
D) It is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.

Question 16

How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin maintain blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)raises blood ca

Question 17

Which other nutrients,in addition to calcium and vitamin D,have been identified as having a beneficial role in bone health?

Accepted Answer

A) vitamin C and oxalates 
B) vitamin K,vitamin C,protein,and sodium 
C) vitamin K,vitamin C,sodium,and magnesium 
D) vitamin K,vitamin C,protein,and magnesium 
A) vitamin C and oxalates 
B) vitamin K,vitamin C,protein,and sodium 
C) vitamin K,vitamin C,sodium,and magnesium 
D) vitamin K,vitamin C,protein,and magnesium

Question 18

Which factor would result in a reduced risk of osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

A) increased osteoclast activity in the post-menopausal period. 
B) decreased osteoclast activity in the post-menopausal period. 
C) decreased osteoblast activity during youth,resulting in increased peak bone mass. 
D) increased osteoclast activity during youth,resulting in increased peak bone mass. 
A) increased osteoclast activity in the post-menopausal period. 
B) decreased osteoclast activity in the post-menopausal period. 
C) decreased osteoblast activity during youth,resulting in increased peak bone mass. 
D) increased osteoclast activity during youth,resulting in increased peak bone mass.

Question 19

Calcium in the blood can be measured.Is this a good indicator of bone health? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Blood calcium is not a good in

Question 20

What determines whether an element is classified as a major mineral or as a trace element?

Accepted Answer

A) the amounts needed daily by the body. 
B) where they are absorbed in the digestive tract. 
C) how critical they are for metabolic processes. 
D) where they are found on the periodic table. 
A) the amounts needed daily by the body. 
B) where they are absorbed in the digestive tract. 
C) how critical they are for metabolic processes. 
D) where they are found on the periodic table.

Exam 11: Major Minerals and Bone Health

What is the hard compact layer found on the surface of bones?

Which factors influenced the setting of the RDA for phosphorus over the various stages of life?

Which is NOT a function of the parathyroid hormone?

Which cells are responsible for bone formation?

What is the purpose of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos)?

What happens as calcium intake increases?

Describe the role of magnesium as a cofactor;use specific examples.

How are blood levels of magnesium regulated?

What is a consequence of the consumption of soft drinks?

The RDA for calcium during lactation is the same as for a non-pregnant non-lactating woman.Why?

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?

What change in bone metabolism typically takes place as people enter their forties?

Why,in 2010,did the IOM reduce the UL for calcium for adults over age 50?

Which statement accurately describes tetany?

How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin maintain blood calcium levels?

Which other nutrients,in addition to calcium and vitamin D,have been identified as having a beneficial role in bone health?

Which factor would result in a reduced risk of osteoporosis?

Calcium in the blood can be measured.Is this a good indicator of bone health? Why or why not?

What determines whether an element is classified as a major mineral or as a trace element?

Nutrition: Food for Health

Nutrition Guidelines: Applying the Science of Nutrition

Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism

Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fibre

Lipids

Proteins and Amino Acids

Energy Balance and Weight Management

A: the Water-Soluble Vitamins

The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Water and the Electrolytes

The Trace Elements

Nutrition and Physical Activity

Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation

Nutrition From Infancy to Adolescence

Nutrition and Aging: the Adult Years

Food Safety

World Hunger and Malnutrition

Focus 1: Focus on Beyond the Basics

Focus 2: Focus on Alcohol

Focus 3: Focus on Obesity, Metabolism, and Disease Risk

Focus 4: Focus on Phytochemicals

Focus5:focus on Natural Health Products

Focus 6: Focus on Integrating Nutrient Function in the Body

Focus 7: Focus on Eating Disorders

Focus 8: Focus on Biotechnology

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