Question 1

Which of the following does NOT decrease the bioavailability of calcium?

Accepted Answer

A) tannins 
B) fibre 
C) oxalates 
D) starch 
A) tannins 
B) fibre 
C) oxalates 
D) starch D

Question 2

Which of the following is the major reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis,compared to men?

Accepted Answer

A) Women achieve a higher peak bone mass than men. 
B) Bone breakdown is accelerated for a few years post-menopause. 
C) Women experience higher rates of sacropenia. 
D) Family history influences risk more in women than men. 
A) Women achieve a higher peak bone mass than men. 
B) Bone breakdown is accelerated for a few years post-menopause. 
C) Women experience higher rates of sacropenia. 
D) Family history influences risk more in women than men. B

Question 3

Which statement best describes the relationship between bone health and calcium consumption? Note: fracture threshold = bone density that is so low that bones will break readily

Accepted Answer

A) The accretion of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass gradually declines.The greater the peak bone mass,the younger the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold. 
B) The accumulation of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass does not change.The exception of women,who experience a rapid decline in bone mass for the first five years after menopause. 
C) The accumulation of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood,after which bone mass does not change The lower the peak bone mass,the younger the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold. 
D) The accretion of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass gradually declines.The greater the peak bone mass,the older the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold. 
A) The accretion of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass gradually declines.The greater the peak bone mass,the younger the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold. 
B) The accumulation of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass does not change.The exception of women,who experience a rapid decline in bone mass for the first five years after menopause. 
C) The accumulation of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood,after which bone mass does not change The lower the peak bone mass,the younger the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold. 
D) The accretion of calcium into bone occurs until early adulthood after which bone mass gradually declines.The greater the peak bone mass,the older the age at which an individual reaches the fracture threshold. D

Question 4

Helen is 53-years-old,her daughter,Sharon,is 27-years-old and her granddaughter,Mikayla,is 5.
a)What is the probable status of bone density in each of the three females?
b)What are lifestyle risk factors associated with osteoporosis?
c)What can each of the three females do to decrease the risk of osteoporosis in their lifetimes?

Accepted Answer

a)Helen is probably suffering age-relate

Question 5

How do phytates,tannins,and oxalates affect the absorption of minerals?

Accepted Answer

Phytates,tannins,and oxalates

Question 6

What is a consequence of replacing 250 ml (1 cup)of milk with 355 ml of a soft drink?

Accepted Answer

A) It decreases the amount of added sugar in the diet. 
B) It increases the amount of protein in the diet. 
C) It reduces calcium,vitamin A,vitamin D,and riboflavin intake. 
D) All of the above answer choices are correct. 
A) It decreases the amount of added sugar in the diet. 
B) It increases the amount of protein in the diet. 
C) It reduces calcium,vitamin A,vitamin D,and riboflavin intake. 
D) All of the above answer choices are correct.

Question 7

Which statement about mineral supplements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Supplements can be toxic. 
B) Supplements of one mineral can compromise the bioavailability of other minerals. 
C) Supplements can help individuals meet their dietary needs. 
D) Supplements should always be avoided. 
A) Supplements can be toxic. 
B) Supplements of one mineral can compromise the bioavailability of other minerals. 
C) Supplements can help individuals meet their dietary needs. 
D) Supplements should always be avoided.

Question 8

Compared to the non-pregnant state,the magnesium requirement for pregnancy is increased but there is no further increase during lactation.Why is this the case?

Accepted Answer

A) There is no increased need for magnesium during lactation because the infant is born with sufficient magnesium stores. 
B) Any additional needs are met by magnesium release during bone resorption and decreased urinary excretion. 
C) Magnesium absorption is increased during lactation. 
D) Breast milk does not contain a lot of magnesium. 
A) There is no increased need for magnesium during lactation because the infant is born with sufficient magnesium stores. 
B) Any additional needs are met by magnesium release during bone resorption and decreased urinary excretion. 
C) Magnesium absorption is increased during lactation. 
D) Breast milk does not contain a lot of magnesium.

Question 9

What are good dietary sources of calcium? phosphorus? magnesium?

Accepted Answer

Calcium: Yogurt,milk,cheese,sardines,and

Question 10

Which is NOT a characteristic of the milk-alkali syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A) excessive use of calcium containing antacids. 
B) high blood calcium. 
C) the consumption of sweetened soft drinks. 
D) calcification of the kidney leading to kidney failure. 
A) excessive use of calcium containing antacids. 
B) high blood calcium. 
C) the consumption of sweetened soft drinks. 
D) calcification of the kidney leading to kidney failure.

Question 11

Which of the following has been the most effective in decreasing post-menopausal bone loss?

Accepted Answer

A) fluoride treatment 
B) hormone replacement therapy 
C) increasing vitamin C consumption 
D) vitamin A replacement therapy 
A) fluoride treatment 
B) hormone replacement therapy 
C) increasing vitamin C consumption 
D) vitamin A replacement therapy

Question 12

Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with absorption of a mineral needed by the body?

Accepted Answer

A) glutathione 
B) oxalates 
C) phytates 
D) tannins 
A) glutathione 
B) oxalates 
C) phytates 
D) tannins

Question 13

When is calcium absorption highest?

Accepted Answer

A) in infancy. 
B) in young adults. 
C) in older adults. 
D) in women after menopause. 
A) in infancy. 
B) in young adults. 
C) in older adults. 
D) in women after menopause.

Question 14

How do the phosphorus content of oranges,yogurt,and chicken compare? Which is the BEST source of phosphorus?

Accepted Answer

Yogurt is an excellent source of phospho

Question 15

Which statement about the processing of foods is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Processing destroys minerals. 
B) The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium,selenium,and zinc. 
C) As the structure of foods is broken down,sodium is lost from processed foods. 
D) Potassium is often added during food processing. 
A) Processing destroys minerals. 
B) The processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium,selenium,and zinc. 
C) As the structure of foods is broken down,sodium is lost from processed foods. 
D) Potassium is often added during food processing.

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT reduce the risk of osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

A) weight-bearing exercise. 
B) very low body weight. 
C) increased muscle mass. 
D) high body weight and % body fat. 
A) weight-bearing exercise. 
B) very low body weight. 
C) increased muscle mass. 
D) high body weight and % body fat.

Question 17

Which statement best describes the structure of bone?

Accepted Answer

A) The organic component is a protein framework and the mineral component is a calcium chloride crystal. 
B) The organic matrix is composed of collagen and the mineral component is an hydroxyapatite crystal composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus. 
C) The organic component is a hydroxyapatite compound and the mineral component is composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus,as well as small amounts of magnesium,sodium and fluoride. 
D) The organic component is made mainly of the protein collagen and the mineral component is mainly calcium and magnesium. 
A) The organic component is a protein framework and the mineral component is a calcium chloride crystal. 
B) The organic matrix is composed of collagen and the mineral component is an hydroxyapatite crystal composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus. 
C) The organic component is a hydroxyapatite compound and the mineral component is composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus,as well as small amounts of magnesium,sodium and fluoride. 
D) The organic component is made mainly of the protein collagen and the mineral component is mainly calcium and magnesium.

Question 18

What stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone? What are the specific actions of this hormone?

Accepted Answer

PTH is secreted in response to low blood

Question 19

Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis by what mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A) mimicking the action of estrogen. 
B) inhibiting the action of osteoclasts. 
C) encouraging weight gain. 
D) providing more energy for exercise. 
A) mimicking the action of estrogen. 
B) inhibiting the action of osteoclasts. 
C) encouraging weight gain. 
D) providing more energy for exercise.

Question 20

The level of calcium in the blood is maintained within a narrow limit by two hormones.Which one raises blood calcium? Which one lowers blood calcium?

Accepted Answer

A) raises: calcitonin;lowers: aldosterone 
B) raises: calcitonin;lowers: parathyroid hormone 
C) raises: parathyroid hormone;lowers: calcitonin 
D) raises: thyroid stimulating hormone;lowers: calcitonin 
A) raises: calcitonin;lowers: aldosterone 
B) raises: calcitonin;lowers: parathyroid hormone 
C) raises: parathyroid hormone;lowers: calcitonin 
D) raises: thyroid stimulating hormone;lowers: calcitonin

Exam 11: Major Minerals and Bone Health

Which of the following does NOT decrease the bioavailability of calcium?

Which of the following is the major reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis,compared to men?

Which statement best describes the relationship between bone health and calcium consumption? Note: fracture threshold = bone density that is so low that bones will break readily

How do phytates,tannins,and oxalates affect the absorption of minerals?

What is a consequence of replacing 250 ml (1 cup)of milk with 355 ml of a soft drink?

Which statement about mineral supplements is FALSE?

Compared to the non-pregnant state,the magnesium requirement for pregnancy is increased but there is no further increase during lactation.Why is this the case?

What are good dietary sources of calcium? phosphorus? magnesium?

Which is NOT a characteristic of the milk-alkali syndrome?

Which of the following has been the most effective in decreasing post-menopausal bone loss?

Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with absorption of a mineral needed by the body?

When is calcium absorption highest?

How do the phosphorus content of oranges,yogurt,and chicken compare? Which is the BEST source of phosphorus?

Which statement about the processing of foods is TRUE?

Which of the following does NOT reduce the risk of osteoporosis?

Which statement best describes the structure of bone?

What stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone? What are the specific actions of this hormone?

Bisphosphonates treat osteoporosis by what mechanism?

The level of calcium in the blood is maintained within a narrow limit by two hormones.Which one raises blood calcium? Which one lowers blood calcium?

Nutrition: Food for Health

Nutrition Guidelines: Applying the Science of Nutrition

Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism

Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fibre

Lipids

Proteins and Amino Acids

Energy Balance and Weight Management

A: the Water-Soluble Vitamins

The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Water and the Electrolytes

The Trace Elements

Nutrition and Physical Activity

Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation

Nutrition From Infancy to Adolescence

Nutrition and Aging: the Adult Years

Food Safety

World Hunger and Malnutrition

Focus 1: Focus on Beyond the Basics

Focus 2: Focus on Alcohol

Focus 3: Focus on Obesity, Metabolism, and Disease Risk

Focus 4: Focus on Phytochemicals

Focus5:focus on Natural Health Products

Focus 6: Focus on Integrating Nutrient Function in the Body

Focus 7: Focus on Eating Disorders

Focus 8: Focus on Biotechnology

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