Question 1

How can earthquakes cripple emergency services, transportation networks, water and gas utilities, and communication?

Accepted Answer

by destroying or damaging roads, and causing buildings to collapse onto roadways

Question 2

Tension results in strike-slip faults when

Accepted Answer

A)  the fractures are parallel to the stress direction. 
B)  the fractures are perpendicular to the stress direction. 
C)  suitable reverse faults are acted upon. 
D)  suitable normal faults are acted upon. 
A)  the fractures are parallel to the stress direction. 
B)  the fractures are perpendicular to the stress direction. 
C)  suitable reverse faults are acted upon. 
D)  suitable normal faults are acted upon. A

Question 3

Choose the option that places the rock types in order from most brittle at surface temperature to most plastic.

Accepted Answer

A)  rock salt, schist, basalt 
B)  granite, limestone, marble 
C)  quartzite, mudstone, sandstone 
D)  shale, basalt, sandstone 
A)  rock salt, schist, basalt 
B)  granite, limestone, marble 
C)  quartzite, mudstone, sandstone 
D)  shale, basalt, sandstone B

Question 4

An M7 earthquake has ________ times more energy than an M5 earthquake.

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  100 
C)  32 
D)  1024 
A)  2 
B)  100 
C)  32 
D)  1024

Question 5

What does earthquake intensity measure?

Accepted Answer

A)  amplitude of seismic waves 
B)  reach of the quake from the epicenter in km 
C)  cost of reconstruction 
D)  damage and secondary effects of the quake 
A)  amplitude of seismic waves 
B)  reach of the quake from the epicenter in km 
C)  cost of reconstruction 
D)  damage and secondary effects of the quake

Question 6

The distinction between a joint and a fault is

Accepted Answer

A)  the separation distance. 
B)  the distance that rock moves on each side of the line. 
C)  joints do not involve breaking rock and faults do. 
D)  joints are filled in with precipitated mineral crystals and faults are not. 
A)  the separation distance. 
B)  the distance that rock moves on each side of the line. 
C)  joints do not involve breaking rock and faults do. 
D)  joints are filled in with precipitated mineral crystals and faults are not.

Question 7

Which option describes a possible oil and gas trap?

Accepted Answer

A)  an anticline made entirely of sandstone with an organic earth covering 
B)  a reverse fault with a sandstone layer and a shale layer underneath 
C)  an anticline with a sandstone layer and a shale layer on top 
D)  a syncline with a coal layer at the bottom, a sandstone middle, and a shale layer on top 
A)  an anticline made entirely of sandstone with an organic earth covering 
B)  a reverse fault with a sandstone layer and a shale layer underneath 
C)  an anticline with a sandstone layer and a shale layer on top 
D)  a syncline with a coal layer at the bottom, a sandstone middle, and a shale layer on top

Question 8

A reverse fault forms when:

Accepted Answer

A)  the hanging wall rock moves downward compared to the footwall. 
B)  the hanging wall rock moves up along a dip-slip fault compared to the footwall. 
C)  the fault dips at an angle steeper than 45 degrees. 
D)  the fault dips at an angle less than 45 degrees. 
A)  the hanging wall rock moves downward compared to the footwall. 
B)  the hanging wall rock moves up along a dip-slip fault compared to the footwall. 
C)  the fault dips at an angle steeper than 45 degrees. 
D)  the fault dips at an angle less than 45 degrees.

Question 9

The rocks below a fault are called the footwall.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

On the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, destroyed bridges, bent rails, and most buildings destroyed are indicative of ________ intensity?

Accepted Answer

A)  IV 
B)  VII 
C)  IX 
D)  XI 
A)  IV 
B)  VII 
C)  IX 
D)  XI

Question 11

Which piece of measured evidence would not help geologists produce geologic cross sections in order to interpret subsurface geology?

Accepted Answer

A)  subsurface layers 
B)  orientation of rock layers 
C)  orientation of folds 
D)  faults 
A)  subsurface layers 
B)  orientation of rock layers 
C)  orientation of folds 
D)  faults

Question 12

At greater depths, rocks are

Accepted Answer

A)  stronger and more brittle. 
B)  weaker and more plastic. 
C)  weaker and more brittle. 
D)  stronger and more plastic. 
A)  stronger and more brittle. 
B)  weaker and more plastic. 
C)  weaker and more brittle. 
D)  stronger and more plastic.

Question 13

A normal fault forms when:

Accepted Answer

A)  the hanging wall rock moves downward compared to the footwall. 
B)  the hanging wall rock moves up along a dip-slip fault compared to the footwall. 
C)  the fault dips at an angle steeper than 45 degrees. 
D)  the fault dips at an angle less than 45 degrees. 
A)  the hanging wall rock moves downward compared to the footwall. 
B)  the hanging wall rock moves up along a dip-slip fault compared to the footwall. 
C)  the fault dips at an angle steeper than 45 degrees. 
D)  the fault dips at an angle less than 45 degrees.

Question 14

Which term is defined as a measure of the amount of stress that a material can endure before it fails by breaking or flowing?

Accepted Answer

A)  elongation 
B)  strain 
C)  shortening 
D)  strength 
A)  elongation 
B)  strain 
C)  shortening 
D)  strength

Question 15

Why is it good to measure the magnitude, rather than intensity, of an earthquake?

Accepted Answer

gives a quantitative

Question 16

Figure 11.16  
-Which is not a reason for the hydraulic fluid around the cylinder in the experimental apparatus for measuring rock strength (as in Figure 11.16)?

Accepted Answer

A)  to imitate tectonic stresses within Earth 
B)  to imitate surrounding rock pressures 
C)  to imitate pressures of depth 
D)  to imitate deep, confining pressures within Earth 
A)  to imitate tectonic stresses within Earth 
B)  to imitate surrounding rock pressures 
C)  to imitate pressures of depth 
D)  to imitate deep, confining pressures within Earth

Question 17

How are resources related to geologic structures?

Accepted Answer

"Gas is less dense than oil, and oil is

Question 18

Figure 11.13  
-According to Figure 11.13, which option correctly describes the movement of two pins on either side of a plane in a block of clay submitted to shear stress?

Accepted Answer

A)  They remain in the same position. 
B)  They move farther from the plane. 
C)  They move closer to the plane. 
D)  They slide along at the same distance from the plane in opposite directions. 
A)  They remain in the same position. 
B)  They move farther from the plane. 
C)  They move closer to the plane. 
D)  They slide along at the same distance from the plane in opposite directions.

Question 19

Figure 11.20  
-Which option would incorrectly complete the following statement? According to Figure 11.20, to shorten marble by five percent

Accepted Answer

A)  requires one fewer kilobar if the material is wet than when it is dry. 
B)  requires about two fewer kilobars if the material is wet and hot than when it is dry at room temperature. 
C)  requires about two fewer kilobars if it is hot and dry than when it is cold and dry. 
D)  requires about one fewer kilobar if it is hot and dry than when it is cold and dry. 
A)  requires one fewer kilobar if the material is wet than when it is dry. 
B)  requires about two fewer kilobars if the material is wet and hot than when it is dry at room temperature. 
C)  requires about two fewer kilobars if it is hot and dry than when it is cold and dry. 
D)  requires about one fewer kilobar if it is hot and dry than when it is cold and dry.

Question 20

What action would geologists take when creating a Modified Mercalli Intensity map of an earthquake?

Accepted Answer

A)  analyze seismic instrument readouts 
B)  take core samples at several spots and from different distances from the epicenter 
C)  assess financial costs of rebuilding roads, buildings, and public areas in the quake zone 
D)  interview people who experienced the quake 
A)  analyze seismic instrument readouts 
B)  take core samples at several spots and from different distances from the epicenter 
C)  assess financial costs of rebuilding roads, buildings, and public areas in the quake zone 
D)  interview people who experienced the quake

Exam 11: Deformation of Rocks

How can earthquakes cripple emergency services, transportation networks, water and gas utilities, and communication?

Tension results in strike-slip faults when

Choose the option that places the rock types in order from most brittle at surface temperature to most plastic.

An M7 earthquake has ________ times more energy than an M5 earthquake.

What does earthquake intensity measure?

The distinction between a joint and a fault is

Which option describes a possible oil and gas trap?

A reverse fault forms when:

The rocks below a fault are called the footwall.

On the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, destroyed bridges, bent rails, and most buildings destroyed are indicative of ________ intensity?

Which piece of measured evidence would not help geologists produce geologic cross sections in order to interpret subsurface geology?

At greater depths, rocks are

A normal fault forms when:

Which term is defined as a measure of the amount of stress that a material can endure before it fails by breaking or flowing?

Why is it good to measure the magnitude, rather than intensity, of an earthquake?

Figure 11.16 -Which is not a reason for the hydraulic fluid around the cylinder in the experimental apparatus for measuring rock strength (as in Figure 11.16)?

How are resources related to geologic structures?

Figure 11.13 -According to Figure 11.13, which option correctly describes the movement of two pins on either side of a plane in a block of clay submitted to shear stress?

Figure 11.20 -Which option would incorrectly complete the following statement? According to Figure 11.20, to shorten marble by five percent

What action would geologists take when creating a Modified Mercalli Intensity map of an earthquake?

Why Study Earth

Minerals: Building Blocks of the Planet

Rocks and Rock-Forming Processes

Formation of Magma and Igneous Rocks

Formation of Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

Earth Materials As Time Keepers

Earth Materials As Time Keepers

Making Earth

Motion Inside Earth

Global Tectonics: Plates and Plumes

Tectonics and Surface Relief

Soil Formation and Landscape Stability

Mass Movements: Landscapes in Motion

Streams: Flowing Water Shapes the Landscape

Water Flowing Underground

Glaciers: Cold-Climate Sculptors of Continents

Shorelines: Changing Landscapes Where Land Meets Sea

Wind: a Global Geologic Process

Global Warming: Real Time Change in the Earth System

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