Exam 4: Phylogeny and Evolutionary History

A trait that is similar in one or more species even though it was not present in their common ancestor is called a

The study of phylogeny rests on our observation of characters of organisms, which may include all of the following EXCEPT

What does the study of phylogeny allow us to understand?

Based on the phylogenetic tree, which of the following two groups are most closely related?

The figure shows where tetrapod limbs evolved ("Origin of tetrapod vertebrates") in the evolutionary history of animals. Based on this figure, in which limbless organisms would you expect to find vestigial limbs?

Which of the following is true of both analogous and homologous traits?

Homologous traits are found in two or more species because

The figure shows a hypothesis for the evolution of visual opsins in tetrapods. At the tips, each triangle represents a particular visual pigment found in a modern tetrapod. Along ancestral branches, the hypothesized evolutionary history of these opsins are shown. Which of the following is true of this evolutionary hypothesis?

The figure shows (A) a cladogram of primates and (B) a phylogram of primate lentiviruses. What do the branch lengths in each phylogeny represent? A B

The figure shows the coloration of populations of lizards and mice that live in various habitats. The differences in coloration among the three mice populations (assuming they share a recent common ancestor) are due to _______, whereas the similarity between the lizards and mice that live in the same habitat is due to _______.

Using the partial phylogeny of mammals in the figure, name one monophyletic group of species, one polyphyletic group, and one paraphyletic group.

Based on the phylogenetic tree, which of the following is most closely related to mammals?

The figure shows two hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among aquatic birds. The phylogeny in (A) is based on data from morphological characters and in (B) from DNA sequence data. What is the reason for the differences between these phylogenies? What could you do to resolve the differences? A B

Which of the following is Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) responsible for?

Both the process of reconstructing phylogenies and mapping traits onto phylogenies can allow scientists to generate hypotheses. What kind of hypotheses does each of these processes generate?

As shown in the figure, suppose a population splits into two descendant populations prior to the evolution of dark coloration, then splits again after the evolution of dark coloration found in Taxa 1 and 2. Which of the following terms best describes the dark coloration trait in this situation?

German biologist Willi Hennig (1913-1976) established the modern approach to classification in his book Phylogenetic Systematics, where he described how to classify organisms according to which of the following?

The tree in the figure shows the states of two characters; in the left column the trait is either A or B, and in the right column it is either R or S. This tree currently has several unresolved polytomies. Based on the data in this figure, draw a tree that resolves two of the polytomies and explain how the data support these relationships.

Examine the tree of life of all known groups of living organisms in the figure. Describe the relationship of animals to the rest of life on Earth.

Consider a species of mouse in which the coat color of populations change from light (the ancestral state) to dark (the derived state) over evolutionary time. Using this example, draw an evolutionary tree to illustrate each of the following evolutionary conditions, where dark coat color is a: A. synapomorphy, B. homoplasy, and C. symplesiomorphy.