Question 1

Under what circumstance is there a mixed Nash equilibrium for the hawk-dove game?

Accepted Answer

A)  when the cost of fighting equals the benefit of a victory 
B)  when the cost of fighting is greater than the benefit of a victory 
C)  when the strategy of the other player is unknown and the game is played multiple times 
D)  when all members of the population play hawk exclusively 
A)  when the cost of fighting equals the benefit of a victory 
B)  when the cost of fighting is greater than the benefit of a victory 
C)  when the strategy of the other player is unknown and the game is played multiple times 
D)  when all members of the population play hawk exclusively

Question 2

Consider Robert Trivers' parent-offspring conflict model. How do you expect the zone of conflict between parent and offspring to differ when the future offspring is a half instead of a full sibling?

Accepted Answer

A)  The zone of conflict will become wider. 
B)  The zone of conflict will become narrower. 
C)  The zone of conflict will remain of the same width but shift toward higher parental investment. 
D)  The zone of conflict will become wider and shift toward higher parental investment. 
A)  The zone of conflict will become wider. 
B)  The zone of conflict will become narrower. 
C)  The zone of conflict will remain of the same width but shift toward higher parental investment. 
D)  The zone of conflict will become wider and shift toward higher parental investment.

Question 3

Calculate the coefficient of relatedness for the following relationships in a haplodiploid hymenopteran species:
A) Sister to full sisters
B) Sister to brother
C) Brother to sister

Accepted Answer

A) Sister to full sister: 0.5 x 0.5 (pro

Question 4

Charles Darwin was initially puzzled by the observation that worker honeybees die when they sting an intruder to their hive (the bee's stinger is ripped from the bee's abdomen, causing a fatal injury). Based on what you know about natural selection, why did this observation complicate Darwin's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  All defensive behaviors in nature result in the death of the defender. 
B)  Such self-sacrifice is widespread in many different groups of animals. 
C)  He found it hard to imagine how such behavior could evolve, since a defending worker's chance of survival is zero. 
D)  The stinging apparatus appeared to be too complex to have evolved. 
A)  All defensive behaviors in nature result in the death of the defender. 
B)  Such self-sacrifice is widespread in many different groups of animals. 
C)  He found it hard to imagine how such behavior could evolve, since a defending worker's chance of survival is zero. 
D)  The stinging apparatus appeared to be too complex to have evolved.

Question 5

What is the term used to describe an individual's total fitness, as a product of both producing offspring itself and helping its kin in their reproductive efforts?

Accepted Answer

A)  indirect fitness 
B)  direct fitness 
C)  inclusive fitness 
D)  reciprocal fitness 
A)  indirect fitness 
B)  direct fitness 
C)  inclusive fitness 
D)  reciprocal fitness

Question 6

Allele Z codes for a cooperative behavior among half siblings (r F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 0.25). Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of four fitness units and the behavior costs the donor two fitness units. Using Hamilton's rule (rb F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 c > 0), would you expect allele Z to spread in the population?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes; allele Z would increase in frequency within the population. 
B)  No; allele Z would decrease in frequency within the population. 
C)  Allele Z would neither increase nor decrease in frequency. 
D)  There is not enough information to determine if the allele will spread. 
A)  Yes; allele Z would increase in frequency within the population. 
B)  No; allele Z would decrease in frequency within the population. 
C)  Allele Z would neither increase nor decrease in frequency. 
D)  There is not enough information to determine if the allele will spread.

Question 7

What three evolutionary paths can lead to the evolution of cooperation?

Accepted Answer

Kinship, reciprocity, and grou

Question 8

Which of the following concepts could be applied to test the kinship and cooperation model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hamilton's rule 
B)  Nash equilibrium 
C)  prisoner's dilemma 
D)  trait-group selection models 
A)  Hamilton's rule 
B)  Nash equilibrium 
C)  prisoner's dilemma 
D)  trait-group selection models

Question 9

Consider the modified payoff structure for the hawk-dove game below. Which of the following strategies should the players adopt? (v F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 benefit of the resource that is being fought over.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Each player should play dove half of the time. 
B)  Both players should always play hawk. 
C)  One player should always play hawk; the other should always play dove. 
D)  Each player should play hawk half of the time. 
A)  Each player should play dove half of the time. 
B)  Both players should always play hawk. 
C)  One player should always play hawk; the other should always play dove. 
D)  Each player should play hawk half of the time.

Question 10

Describe the control in Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment, illustrated below, in which they manipulated the facial pattern and fighting behavior of wasps.

Accepted Answer

Control individuals

Question 11

Based on the model for conventional signals below, which signal level should an individual of medium ability adopt?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D

Question 12

The results of Tibbetts and Izzo's 2010 experiment on facial patterns and the fighting behavior of paper wasps are shown below. Why did Tibbetts and Izzo manipulate the wasps' aggressiveness, in addition to facial pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)  to test whether hormones could artificially alter the fighting qualities of wasps 
B)  to test whether alteration of facial patterns strengthens the fighting ability of wasps 
C)  to test whether the alteration of facial patterns would result in increased aggression 
D)  to test whether the facial pattern is a conventional signal that is kept honest by continuous testing from conspecifics 
A)  to test whether hormones could artificially alter the fighting qualities of wasps 
B)  to test whether alteration of facial patterns strengthens the fighting ability of wasps 
C)  to test whether the alteration of facial patterns would result in increased aggression 
D)  to test whether the facial pattern is a conventional signal that is kept honest by continuous testing from conspecifics

Question 13

Between which amounts of parental investment can you find the "zone of conflict" between parent and focal offspring? Delineate the zone of conflict in the figure below, and briefly explain how you chose the lower and upper bound.

Accepted Answer

For location of lines, see complete Figu

Question 14

When graphing the amount of resources a parent invests in a focal offspring against fitness costs to the parent and benefits to the offspring, what is the so-called zone of conflict?

Accepted Answer

A)  where parent-offspring conflict takes place 
B)  where parents and offspring both benefit from decreasing allocation to the focal offspring 
C)  where parents and offspring both benefit from increasing allocation to the focal offspring 
D)  where b F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 c is maximized 
A)  where parent-offspring conflict takes place 
B)  where parents and offspring both benefit from decreasing allocation to the focal offspring 
C)  where parents and offspring both benefit from increasing allocation to the focal offspring 
D)  where b F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 c is maximized

Question 15

Allele X codes for a cooperative behavior among full siblings. Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of seven fitness units, and the behavior costs the donor three fitness units. Use Hamilton's rule to determine whether allele X will spread in the population.

Accepted Answer

Hamilton's rule is rb F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 c

Question 16

Based on the figure, what is the coefficient of relatedness (r) between individuals A and B?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.25 
B)  0.50 
C)  0.75 
D)  1.00 
A)  0.25 
B)  0.50 
C)  0.75 
D)  1.00

Question 17

In the context of cooperation, ________ selection acts against cooperators who pay some cost that others (such as free riders) do not pay. Selfish individuals who do not cooperate are favored by this type of selection because they receive any benefits that accrue through the actions of cooperators, but they pay none of the costs.

Accepted Answer

A)  between-group 
B)  within-group 
C)  altruistic 
D)  kin 
A)  between-group 
B)  within-group 
C)  altruistic 
D)  kin

Question 18

Based on the figures shown here, calculate the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in each case. Show your calculations. A

B

C

Accepted Answer

Detailed descriptions of the c

Question 19

What is the most likely explanation for why female Belding's ground squirrels make alarm calls to alert nearby individuals of a predator much more frequently than males do?

Accepted Answer

When male squirrels reach sexual maturit

Question 20

________ is the probability that the homologous alleles in two individuals are identical by descent due to inheritance of the alleles from a common ancestor.

Accepted Answer

A)  The coefficient of relatedness 
B)  Indirect fitness 
C)  Haplodiploidy 
D)  Hamilton's rule 
A)  The coefficient of relatedness 
B)  Indirect fitness 
C)  Haplodiploidy 
D)  Hamilton's rule

Under what circumstance is there a mixed Nash equilibrium for the hawk-dove game?

Consider Robert Trivers' parent-offspring conflict model. How do you expect the zone of conflict between parent and offspring to differ when the future offspring is a half instead of a full sibling?

Calculate the coefficient of relatedness for the following relationships in a haplodiploid hymenopteran species: A) Sister to full sisters B) Sister to brother C) Brother to sister

What is the term used to describe an individual's total fitness, as a product of both producing offspring itself and helping its kin in their reproductive efforts?

Allele Z codes for a cooperative behavior among half siblings (r  0.25). Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of four fitness units and the behavior costs the donor two fitness units. Using Hamilton's rule (rb  c > 0), would you expect allele Z to spread in the population?

What three evolutionary paths can lead to the evolution of cooperation?

Which of the following concepts could be applied to test the kinship and cooperation model?

Consider the modified payoff structure for the hawk-dove game below. Which of the following strategies should the players adopt? (v  benefit of the resource that is being fought over.)

Describe the control in Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment, illustrated below, in which they manipulated the facial pattern and fighting behavior of wasps.

Based on the model for conventional signals below, which signal level should an individual of medium ability adopt?

The results of Tibbetts and Izzo's 2010 experiment on facial patterns and the fighting behavior of paper wasps are shown below. Why did Tibbetts and Izzo manipulate the wasps' aggressiveness, in addition to facial pattern?

Between which amounts of parental investment can you find the "zone of conflict" between parent and focal offspring? Delineate the zone of conflict in the figure below, and briefly explain how you chose the lower and upper bound.

When graphing the amount of resources a parent invests in a focal offspring against fitness costs to the parent and benefits to the offspring, what is the so-called zone of conflict?

Allele X codes for a cooperative behavior among full siblings. Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of seven fitness units, and the behavior costs the donor three fitness units. Use Hamilton's rule to determine whether allele X will spread in the population.

Based on the figure, what is the coefficient of relatedness (r) between individuals A and B?

Based on the figures shown here, calculate the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in each case. Show your calculations. A B C

What is the most likely explanation for why female Belding's ground squirrels make alarm calls to alert nearby individuals of a predator much more frequently than males do?

________ is the probability that the homologous alleles in two individuals are identical by descent due to inheritance of the alleles from a common ancestor.

An Overview of Evolutionary Biology

Early Evolutionary Ideas and Darwin S Insight

Natural Selection

Phylogeny and Evolutionary History

Inferring Phylogeny

Transmission Genetics and the Sources of Genetic Variation

The Genetics of Populations

Evolution in Finite Populations

Evolution at Multiple Loci

Genome Evolution

The Origin and Evolution of Early Life

Major Transitions

Evolution and Development

Species and Speciation

Extinction and Evolutionary Trends

The Evolution of Sex

Coevolution

Human Evolution

Evolution and Medicine

Filters

Exam 17: The Evolution of Sociality

Under what circumstance is there a mixed Nash equilibrium for the hawk-dove game?

Consider Robert Trivers' parent-offspring conflict model. How do you expect the zone of conflict between parent and offspring to differ when the future offspring is a half instead of a full sibling?

Calculate the coefficient of relatedness for the following relationships in a haplodiploid hymenopteran species: A) Sister to full sisters B) Sister to brother C) Brother to sister

What is the term used to describe an individual's total fitness, as a product of both producing offspring itself and helping its kin in their reproductive efforts?

Allele Z codes for a cooperative behavior among half siblings (r  0.25). Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of four fitness units and the behavior costs the donor two fitness units. Using Hamilton's rule (rb  c > 0), would you expect allele Z to spread in the population?

What three evolutionary paths can lead to the evolution of cooperation?

Which of the following concepts could be applied to test the kinship and cooperation model?

Consider the modified payoff structure for the hawk-dove game below. Which of the following strategies should the players adopt? (v  benefit of the resource that is being fought over.)

Describe the control in Tibbetts and Izzo's experiment, illustrated below, in which they manipulated the facial pattern and fighting behavior of wasps.

Based on the model for conventional signals below, which signal level should an individual of medium ability adopt?

The results of Tibbetts and Izzo's 2010 experiment on facial patterns and the fighting behavior of paper wasps are shown below. Why did Tibbetts and Izzo manipulate the wasps' aggressiveness, in addition to facial pattern?

Between which amounts of parental investment can you find the "zone of conflict" between parent and focal offspring? Delineate the zone of conflict in the figure below, and briefly explain how you chose the lower and upper bound.

When graphing the amount of resources a parent invests in a focal offspring against fitness costs to the parent and benefits to the offspring, what is the so-called zone of conflict?

Allele X codes for a cooperative behavior among full siblings. Recipients of this behavior receive a benefit of seven fitness units, and the behavior costs the donor three fitness units. Use Hamilton's rule to determine whether allele X will spread in the population.

Based on the figure, what is the coefficient of relatedness (r) between individuals A and B?

Based on the figures shown here, calculate the coefficient of relatedness for individuals A and B in each case. Show your calculations. A B C

What is the most likely explanation for why female Belding's ground squirrels make alarm calls to alert nearby individuals of a predator much more frequently than males do?

________ is the probability that the homologous alleles in two individuals are identical by descent due to inheritance of the alleles from a common ancestor.

An Overview of Evolutionary Biology

Early Evolutionary Ideas and Darwin S Insight

Natural Selection

Phylogeny and Evolutionary History

Inferring Phylogeny

Transmission Genetics and the Sources of Genetic Variation

The Genetics of Populations

Evolution in Finite Populations

Evolution at Multiple Loci

Genome Evolution

The Origin and Evolution of Early Life

Major Transitions

Evolution and Development

Species and Speciation

Extinction and Evolutionary Trends

The Evolution of Sex

Coevolution

Human Evolution

Evolution and Medicine

Filters