Question 1

Evolution of distinct niches in the presence of competition is called _____________.

Accepted Answer

character displacement

Question 2

In plants, "self-thinning" refers to reduction in

Accepted Answer

A)  the biomass of an individual in response to competition. 
B)  the total biomass of a population in response to competition. 
C)  both population density and population biomass in response to competition. 
D)  population density in response to competition, as population biomass increases. 
E)  population density due to grazing by herbivores. 
A)  the biomass of an individual in response to competition. 
B)  the total biomass of a population in response to competition. 
C)  both population density and population biomass in response to competition. 
D)  population density in response to competition, as population biomass increases. 
E)  population density due to grazing by herbivores. D

Question 3

Intraspecific competition for limited resources can play a key role in slowing population growth at high densities.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, if F1F1F1S1F1F1F1021 > 1, then

Accepted Answer

A)  the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced equally by individuals of either species 1 or species 2. 
B)  the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 2 than by each individual of species 1. 
C)  the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 1 than by each individual of species 2. 
D)  We would also have to know the value of K2 to decide which of the above is true. 
E)  We cannot tell from the parameters of the equation which of the choices is true. 
A)  the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced equally by individuals of either species 1 or species 2. 
B)  the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 2 than by each individual of species 1. 
C)  the population growth rate of species 2 is reduced more by each individual of species 1 than by each individual of species 2. 
D)  We would also have to know the value of K2 to decide which of the above is true. 
E)  We cannot tell from the parameters of the equation which of the choices is true.

Question 5

When the average mass of individual plants in a stand is plotted against stand density (log-transformed), the slope of the relationship is very often around

Accepted Answer

A)  -1/2. 
B)  -1. 
C)  -3/2. 
D)  +1/2. 
E)  +3/2. 
A)  -1/2. 
B)  -1. 
C)  -3/2. 
D)  +1/2. 
E)  +3/2.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about damselfish on Jamaican reefs is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Damselfish engage in both intraspecific and interspecific competition. 
B)  Damselfish compete for territories they use for feeding. 
C)  Damselfish attack intruders threatening their young. 
D)  Damselfish without territories die. 
E)  Competition in damselfish is "interference" competition. 
A)  Damselfish engage in both intraspecific and interspecific competition. 
B)  Damselfish compete for territories they use for feeding. 
C)  Damselfish attack intruders threatening their young. 
D)  Damselfish without territories die. 
E)  Competition in damselfish is "interference" competition.

Question 7

Ecologists sometimes use __________________ as simpler representations of the complex natural world.

Accepted Answer

A)  character displacement 
B)  mathematical or laboratory models 
C)  competition coefficients 
D)  replication 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  character displacement 
B)  mathematical or laboratory models 
C)  competition coefficients 
D)  replication 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 8

Rodents that feed primarily on seeds are called ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rodents that feed primarily on seeds are...

Question 9

In Thomas Park's experiments with Tribolium beetles, which of the following was true?

Accepted Answer

A)  T. confusum and T. castaneum had identical niches. 
B)  T. confusum and T. castaneum always coexisted when cultured together. 
C)  T. confusum and T. castaneum never coexisted when cultured together. 
D)  T. confusum and T. castaneum could coexist under some environmental conditions, but not all. 
E)  T. confusum and T. castaneum proved to be unsuitable species for laboratory experimentation. 
A)  T. confusum and T. castaneum had identical niches. 
B)  T. confusum and T. castaneum always coexisted when cultured together. 
C)  T. confusum and T. castaneum never coexisted when cultured together. 
D)  T. confusum and T. castaneum could coexist under some environmental conditions, but not all. 
E)  T. confusum and T. castaneum proved to be unsuitable species for laboratory experimentation.

Question 10

Gause's "competitive exclusion principle" states that

Accepted Answer

A)  when two species occur together, competition is always prevented by some behavioral adjustment. 
B)  no two species can coexist indefinitely. 
C)  no two competing species can coexist indefinitely. 
D)  no two species with identical niches can coexist indefinitely. 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  when two species occur together, competition is always prevented by some behavioral adjustment. 
B)  no two species can coexist indefinitely. 
C)  no two competing species can coexist indefinitely. 
D)  no two species with identical niches can coexist indefinitely. 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 11

When a new species arises through hybridization followed by doubling of chromosome number, the process is called _____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a new species arises through hybridization...

Question 12

Research by James Byers on the relationship between a native and an invasive species of mud snail

Accepted Answer

A)  demonstrated that the invasive species Batillaria grows faster than the native species Cerithidea. 
B)  demonstrated that at high densities Batillaria continued to grow at a relatively high rate while Cerithidea lost weight. 
C)  indicated that Batillaria is much more efficient at converting available food into its own biomass. 
D)  predicts a time to competitive exclusion of Cerithidea by Batillaria of 55 to 70 years. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  demonstrated that the invasive species Batillaria grows faster than the native species Cerithidea. 
B)  demonstrated that at high densities Batillaria continued to grow at a relatively high rate while Cerithidea lost weight. 
C)  indicated that Batillaria is much more efficient at converting available food into its own biomass. 
D)  predicts a time to competitive exclusion of Cerithidea by Batillaria of 55 to 70 years. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Intraspecific competition among planthoppers

Accepted Answer

A)  results in reduced survivorship. 
B)  results in increased development time. 
C)  occurs via resources rather than interference. 
D)  occurs because plants exploited by planthoppers have less protein and less moisture. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  results in reduced survivorship. 
B)  results in increased development time. 
C)  occurs via resources rather than interference. 
D)  occurs because plants exploited by planthoppers have less protein and less moisture. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, the parameter F1F1F1S1F1F1F1012 relates to the

Accepted Answer

A)  population growth rate. 
B)  carrying capacity in the absence of competition. 
C)  carrying capacity in the presence of competition. 
D)  effect OF species 2 ON population growth rate OF species 1. 
E)  effect OF species 1 ON population growth rate OF species 2. 
A)  population growth rate. 
B)  carrying capacity in the absence of competition. 
C)  carrying capacity in the presence of competition. 
D)  effect OF species 2 ON population growth rate OF species 1. 
E)  effect OF species 1 ON population growth rate OF species 2.

Question 15

Experiments with terrestrial isopods demonstrate that competition can occur only when food resources are limiting.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Self-thinning in a stand of trees

Accepted Answer

A)  increases biomass per individual. 
B)  decreases stand density. 
C)  results in death of less competitive individuals. 
D)  is a result of intraspecific competition. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  increases biomass per individual. 
B)  decreases stand density. 
C)  results in death of less competitive individuals. 
D)  is a result of intraspecific competition. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following is not included in the list of criteria that Taper and Case believe must be met to build a definitive case for character displacement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Morphological differences between a pair of sympatric species are statistically greater than the differences between allopatric populations of the same species. 
B)  The observed differences between sympatric and allopatric populations have a genetic basis. 
C)  Variation in the character must have a known effect on the use of resources. 
D)  There must be demonstrated competition for the resource under question and competition must be directly correlated with similarity in the character. 
E)  All of the choices are included in the list of criteria that must be met to build a definitive case for character displacement. 
A)  Morphological differences between a pair of sympatric species are statistically greater than the differences between allopatric populations of the same species. 
B)  The observed differences between sympatric and allopatric populations have a genetic basis. 
C)  Variation in the character must have a known effect on the use of resources. 
D)  There must be demonstrated competition for the resource under question and competition must be directly correlated with similarity in the character. 
E)  All of the choices are included in the list of criteria that must be met to build a definitive case for character displacement.

Question 18

Gause's laboratory experiments with Paramecium species provided evidence for:

Accepted Answer

A)  character displacement. 
B)  the niche. 
C)  self-thinning rule. 
D)  competitive exclusion principle. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  character displacement. 
B)  the niche. 
C)  self-thinning rule. 
D)  competitive exclusion principle. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

In mature white pine forests of New Hampshire

Accepted Answer

A)  belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks. 
B)  belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings. 
C)  aboveground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings. 
D)  aboveground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks. 
E)  belowground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks. 
A)  belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks. 
B)  belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings. 
C)  aboveground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings. 
D)  aboveground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks. 
E)  belowground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks.

Question 20

Within a species, all individuals have identical niches.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 13: Competition

Evolution of distinct niches in the presence of competition is called _____________.

In plants, "self-thinning" refers to reduction in

Intraspecific competition for limited resources can play a key role in slowing population growth at high densities.

In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, if 21 > 1, then

When the average mass of individual plants in a stand is plotted against stand density (log-transformed), the slope of the relationship is very often around

Which of the following statements about damselfish on Jamaican reefs is false?

Ecologists sometimes use __________________ as simpler representations of the complex natural world.

Rodents that feed primarily on seeds are called ____________.

In Thomas Park's experiments with Tribolium beetles, which of the following was true?

Gause's "competitive exclusion principle" states that

When a new species arises through hybridization followed by doubling of chromosome number, the process is called _____________.

Research by James Byers on the relationship between a native and an invasive species of mud snail

Intraspecific competition among planthoppers

In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, the parameter 12 relates to the

Experiments with terrestrial isopods demonstrate that competition can occur only when food resources are limiting.

Self-thinning in a stand of trees

Which of the following is not included in the list of criteria that Taper and Case believe must be met to build a definitive case for character displacement?

Gause's laboratory experiments with Paramecium species provided evidence for:

In mature white pine forests of New Hampshire

Within a species, all individuals have identical niches.

Introduction to Ecology Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Socail Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Exploitative Interactions Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Landscape Ecology

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

Filters

In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, if ₂₁ > 1, then

In the Lotka-Volterra competition equations, the parameter ₁₂ relates to the