Question 1

On intertidal boulders in California, the climax community is dominated by perennial red algae.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

A community in which secondary succession is very rapid has

Accepted Answer

A)  high resistance. 
B)  low resistance. 
C)  high resilience. 
D)  low resilience. 
E)  high replication. 
A)  high resistance. 
B)  low resistance. 
C)  high resilience. 
D)  low resilience. 
E)  high replication. C

Question 3

According to the tolerance model of succession,

Accepted Answer

A)  early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for the establishment by all species. 
B)  only early successional species can establish as succession begins. 
C)  early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but more suitable for late successional species. 
D)  early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species. 
E)  both early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species and only early successional species can establish as succession begins. 
A)  early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for the establishment by all species. 
B)  only early successional species can establish as succession begins. 
C)  early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but more suitable for late successional species. 
D)  early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species. 
E)  both early successional species modify the environment making it less suitable for early successional species but neither less nor more favorable for late successional species and only early successional species can establish as succession begins. D

Question 4

According to the "inhibition" hypothesis, pioneer species modify the environment in ways that

Accepted Answer

A)  make it less suitable for other species. 
B)  make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of other pioneer species. 
C)  make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of late-successional species. 
D)  make it more suitable for survival of all species. 
E)  in this model, pioneer species do not modify the environment. 
A)  make it less suitable for other species. 
B)  make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of other pioneer species. 
C)  make it less suitable for their own survival, but more suitable for survival of late-successional species. 
D)  make it more suitable for survival of all species. 
E)  in this model, pioneer species do not modify the environment.

Question 5

A tendency for a community to maintain its structure even when subject to potential disturbance is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A tendency for a community to maintain...

Question 6

How does canopy shading influence succession of pines and deciduous trees in the Piedmont of North Carolina?

Accepted Answer

A)  Canopy shading by deciduous trees is required for growth of pines. 
B)  Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents establishment of pines until late in succession. 
C)  Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents persistence of pines in late successional stages. 
D)  Canopy shading by pines prevents establishment of deciduous trees. 
E)  Canopy shading by pines kills deciduous trees that were established early in succession. 
A)  Canopy shading by deciduous trees is required for growth of pines. 
B)  Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents establishment of pines until late in succession. 
C)  Canopy shading by deciduous trees prevents persistence of pines in late successional stages. 
D)  Canopy shading by pines prevents establishment of deciduous trees. 
E)  Canopy shading by pines kills deciduous trees that were established early in succession.

Question 7

During succession in Arizona streams, nitrogen retention

Accepted Answer

A)  increases at first, but then declines late in succession. 
B)  increases steadily through succession. 
C)  increases slowly at first, but then rapidly late in succession. 
D)  increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late in succession. 
E)  first decreases, but later increases. 
A)  increases at first, but then declines late in succession. 
B)  increases steadily through succession. 
C)  increases slowly at first, but then rapidly late in succession. 
D)  increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late in succession. 
E)  first decreases, but later increases.

Question 8

Wayne Sousa's studies of succession on intertidal boulders demonstrated which elements of the inhibition hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibition of mid- and late-successional species by pioneers 
B)  inhibition of late-successional species by mid-successional ones 
C)  higher mortality of pioneer species 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  None of the choices are correct. 
A)  inhibition of mid- and late-successional species by pioneers 
B)  inhibition of late-successional species by mid-successional ones 
C)  higher mortality of pioneer species 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  None of the choices are correct.

Question 9

As Hawaiian lava flows age over 4 million years,

Accepted Answer

A)  total soil phosphorous levels decrease. 
B)  total soil phosphorous levels increase. 
C)  total soil phosphorous stays about the same, but more phosphorous becomes refractory. 
D)  total soil phosphorous stays about the same, but more phosphorous becomes weatherable. 
E)  phosphorous limitation of primary production becomes less important. 
A)  total soil phosphorous levels decrease. 
B)  total soil phosphorous levels increase. 
C)  total soil phosphorous stays about the same, but more phosphorous becomes refractory. 
D)  total soil phosphorous stays about the same, but more phosphorous becomes weatherable. 
E)  phosphorous limitation of primary production becomes less important.

Question 10

___________ occurs in areas where disturbance destroyed the previous community without destroying the soil.

Accepted Answer

A)  Pioneer succession 
B)  Climax succession 
C)  Secondary succession 
D)  Primary succession 
E)  Disturbance succession 
A)  Pioneer succession 
B)  Climax succession 
C)  Secondary succession 
D)  Primary succession 
E)  Disturbance succession

Question 11

Pine communities are eventually replaced by oak-hickory communities after about 150 years of old field succession on the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina because

Accepted Answer

A)  mature pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight. 
B)  juvenile pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight. 
C)  juvenile pines cannot grow in the low pH soil that results as pine litter decomposes. 
D)  juvenile pines cannot grow in the shade of mature pines. 
E)  mature pines require an association with mycorrhizal fungi which are excluded from this area by low pH soils. 
A)  mature pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight. 
B)  juvenile pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight. 
C)  juvenile pines cannot grow in the low pH soil that results as pine litter decomposes. 
D)  juvenile pines cannot grow in the shade of mature pines. 
E)  mature pines require an association with mycorrhizal fungi which are excluded from this area by low pH soils.

Question 12

_________ is the ability of a community or ecosystem to maintain structure in the face of potential disturbance.

Accepted Answer

A)  Resilience 
B)  Elasticity 
C)  Resistance 
D)  Plasticity 
E)  Flexibility 
A)  Resilience 
B)  Elasticity 
C)  Resistance 
D)  Plasticity 
E)  Flexibility

Question 13

High nitrogen retention early in stream succession is probably due to

Accepted Answer

A)  nitrogen fixation by aquatic fungi. 
B)  increasing biomass of algal and animal populations. 
C)  increasing nitrogen inputs from surrounding terrestrial soils. 
D)  increasing binding of nitrogen to developing organic sediments. 
E)  reduced denitrification following disturbance. 
A)  nitrogen fixation by aquatic fungi. 
B)  increasing biomass of algal and animal populations. 
C)  increasing nitrogen inputs from surrounding terrestrial soils. 
D)  increasing binding of nitrogen to developing organic sediments. 
E)  reduced denitrification following disturbance.

Question 14

On intertidal boulders in California, the diversity of diatoms and algae

Accepted Answer

A)  increases at first, but then declines late in succession. 
B)  increases steadily through succession. 
C)  increases slowly at first, but then rapidly late in succession. 
D)  increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late in succession. 
E)  first decreases, but later increases. 
A)  increases at first, but then declines late in succession. 
B)  increases steadily through succession. 
C)  increases slowly at first, but then rapidly late in succession. 
D)  increases rapidly at first, then plateaus late in succession. 
E)  first decreases, but later increases.

Question 15

In secondary succession on abandoned fields in the Piedmont of North Carolina, important pioneer species include

Accepted Answer

A)  horsetails. 
B)  Dryas. 
C)  broomsedge (Andropogon). 
D)  pine seedlings. 
E)  crabgrass and horseweed. 
A)  horsetails. 
B)  Dryas. 
C)  broomsedge (Andropogon). 
D)  pine seedlings. 
E)  crabgrass and horseweed.

Question 16

During primary succession at Glacier Bay, species diversity continues to increase throughout succession for which group(s) of plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  tall shrubs and trees 
B)  low shrubs and herbs 
C)  mosses 
D)  lichens 
E)  all groups of plants 
A)  tall shrubs and trees 
B)  low shrubs and herbs 
C)  mosses 
D)  lichens 
E)  all groups of plants

Question 17

In the area of Glacier Bay, Alaska, the climax community is

Accepted Answer

A)  hemlock forest. 
B)  muskeg. 
C)  hemlock forest on steep slopes, and muskeg on shallower slopes. 
D)  hemlock forest on shallow slopes, and muskeg on steeper slopes. 
E)  Dryas mats with scattered alders and cottonwoods. 
A)  hemlock forest. 
B)  muskeg. 
C)  hemlock forest on steep slopes, and muskeg on shallower slopes. 
D)  hemlock forest on shallow slopes, and muskeg on steeper slopes. 
E)  Dryas mats with scattered alders and cottonwoods.

Question 18

During primary succession at Glacier Bay, overall plant species diversity

Accepted Answer

A)  first increases rapidly, then levels off. 
B)  increases steadily throughout succession. 
C)  increases slowly at first, then more rapidly after a few hundred years. 
D)  peaks at intermediate successional stages. 
E)  decreases steadily throughout succession. 
A)  first increases rapidly, then levels off. 
B)  increases steadily throughout succession. 
C)  increases slowly at first, then more rapidly after a few hundred years. 
D)  peaks at intermediate successional stages. 
E)  decreases steadily throughout succession.

Question 19

The change in plant, animal, and microbial communities in an area following disturbance or the creation of new substrate is called _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  progression 
B)  succession 
C)  replacement 
D)  colonization 
E)  invasion 
A)  progression 
B)  succession 
C)  replacement 
D)  colonization 
E)  invasion

Question 20

The first plants in a successional sequence are called the ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The first plants in a successional sequence...

Exam 20: Succession and Stability

On intertidal boulders in California, the climax community is dominated by perennial red algae.

A community in which secondary succession is very rapid has

According to the tolerance model of succession,

According to the "inhibition" hypothesis, pioneer species modify the environment in ways that

A tendency for a community to maintain its structure even when subject to potential disturbance is called ____________.

How does canopy shading influence succession of pines and deciduous trees in the Piedmont of North Carolina?

During succession in Arizona streams, nitrogen retention

Wayne Sousa's studies of succession on intertidal boulders demonstrated which elements of the inhibition hypothesis?

As Hawaiian lava flows age over 4 million years,

___________ occurs in areas where disturbance destroyed the previous community without destroying the soil.

Pine communities are eventually replaced by oak-hickory communities after about 150 years of old field succession on the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina because

_________ is the ability of a community or ecosystem to maintain structure in the face of potential disturbance.

High nitrogen retention early in stream succession is probably due to

On intertidal boulders in California, the diversity of diatoms and algae

In secondary succession on abandoned fields in the Piedmont of North Carolina, important pioneer species include

During primary succession at Glacier Bay, species diversity continues to increase throughout succession for which group(s) of plants?

In the area of Glacier Bay, Alaska, the climax community is

During primary succession at Glacier Bay, overall plant species diversity

The change in plant, animal, and microbial communities in an area following disturbance or the creation of new substrate is called _________.

The first plants in a successional sequence are called the ______________.

Introduction to Ecology Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Socail Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Landscape Ecology

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

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