Question 1

McAuliffe found middle to late Pleistocene soils of the Sonoran Desert, which formed hundreds of thousands of years ago, were characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  a well-developed B horizon. 
B)  high amounts of clay. 
C)  a well-developed caliche layer. 
D)  a well-developed argillic horizon. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  a well-developed B horizon. 
B)  high amounts of clay. 
C)  a well-developed caliche layer. 
D)  a well-developed argillic horizon. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. E

Question 2

In studies of experimental clear-cuts at the Savannah River Site, open patches connected to other open patches

Accepted Answer

A)  had higher butterfly densities. 
B)  supported more frequent butterfly movements. 
C)  had higher rates of plant pollination. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  both had higher butterfly densities and had higher rates of plant pollination. 
A)  had higher butterfly densities. 
B)  supported more frequent butterfly movements. 
C)  had higher rates of plant pollination. 
D)  All of the choices are correct. 
E)  both had higher butterfly densities and had higher rates of plant pollination. D

Question 3

Ecotones are transitional habitat between two ecosystems, which usually include a mix of the physical and biological properties of both ecosystems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

The element within the landscape that is most continuous is called the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  matrix 
B)  mosaic 
C)  patch 
D)  medium 
E)  substrate 
A)  matrix 
B)  mosaic 
C)  patch 
D)  medium 
E)  substrate

Question 5

A major recent (last 50 years) change in landscape structure of Eastern North America has been

Accepted Answer

A)  fragmentation of forests due to clearing for agricultural use. 
B)  increases in forest cover due to abandonment of agricultural land. 
C)  decreases in forest cover due to climate change. 
D)  increases in forest cover due to climate change. 
E)  decreases in lake habitats due to breaching of dams. 
A)  fragmentation of forests due to clearing for agricultural use. 
B)  increases in forest cover due to abandonment of agricultural land. 
C)  decreases in forest cover due to climate change. 
D)  increases in forest cover due to climate change. 
E)  decreases in lake habitats due to breaching of dams.

Question 6

More isolated Finnish meadows support higher densities of Glanville fritillaries.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A "caliche layer" in soil is

Accepted Answer

A)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 
B)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of nitrates (KNO3, MgNO3) from over-fertilization. 
C)  a water-absorptive layer of peat. 
D)  a layer of younger soil overlaying an old, depleted soil. 
E)  a layer polluted with heavy metals. 
A)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 
B)  a hard layer formed by precipitation of nitrates (KNO3, MgNO3) from over-fertilization. 
C)  a water-absorptive layer of peat. 
D)  a layer of younger soil overlaying an old, depleted soil. 
E)  a layer polluted with heavy metals.

Question 8

The "Mann-Whitney test"

Accepted Answer

A)  assumes that data from the populations being compared are normally distributed. 
B)  is identical in calculation to a t-test. 
C)  is based on ranked data rather than actual measurements. 
D)  is a procedure for measuring concentrations of dissolved nitrates in freshwater. 
E)  is a procedure for measuring levels of calcium and potassium in soils. 
A)  assumes that data from the populations being compared are normally distributed. 
B)  is identical in calculation to a t-test. 
C)  is based on ranked data rather than actual measurements. 
D)  is a procedure for measuring concentrations of dissolved nitrates in freshwater. 
E)  is a procedure for measuring levels of calcium and potassium in soils.

Question 9

Groundwater inputs to lakes tend to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
B)  decrease from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
C)  remain roughly constant from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
D)  be higher for lakes with less input from surface runoff. 
E)  make up the great majority of water supply for all lakes. 
A)  increase from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
B)  decrease from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
C)  remain roughly constant from the upper to lower end of a flow system. 
D)  be higher for lakes with less input from surface runoff. 
E)  make up the great majority of water supply for all lakes.

Question 10

Vegetation in bajadas of the Arizona Sonoran Desert

Accepted Answer

A)  is largely uniform, as are the soils it grows on. 
B)  is largely uniform, despite variation in the soils it grows on. 
C)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of ancient and recently disturbed patches. 
D)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of soil types. 
E)  varies in space, primarily reflecting patchy enrichment by agricultural fertilization. 
A)  is largely uniform, as are the soils it grows on. 
B)  is largely uniform, despite variation in the soils it grows on. 
C)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of ancient and recently disturbed patches. 
D)  varies in space, primarily reflecting a mosaic of soil types. 
E)  varies in space, primarily reflecting patchy enrichment by agricultural fertilization.

Question 11

Which is NOT an important effect of floods on landscapes and ecosystems in riverine floodplains?

Accepted Answer

A)  isolating oxbow lakes 
B)  reducing rates of decomposition 
C)  enriching soils through silt deposition 
D)  creating new river channels 
E)  causing pulses of seed germination in riparian plants 
A)  isolating oxbow lakes 
B)  reducing rates of decomposition 
C)  enriching soils through silt deposition 
D)  creating new river channels 
E)  causing pulses of seed germination in riparian plants

Question 12

Haddad and Baum demonstrated that corridors between patches of open habitat in dense 40- to 50-year-old pine forests of South Carolina

Accepted Answer

A)  increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches. 
B)  resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
C)  resulted in higher rates of seed dispersal of plants growing in connected patches. 
D)  both increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches, and resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
E)  All of the choices are correct. 
A)  increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches. 
B)  resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
C)  resulted in higher rates of seed dispersal of plants growing in connected patches. 
D)  both increased the frequency of movement of two butterfly species, common buckeye and variegated fritillary, between patches, and resulted in higher rates of pollination of plants growing in connected patches. 
E)  All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

During droughts, water levels are likely to drop most steeply in lakes at the lower end of hydrological flow systems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The recognition that the length of a coastline depends on the scale at which it is measured is a result of the branch of mathematics called ___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The recognition that the length of a...

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California?

Accepted Answer

A)  The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. 
B)  The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. 
C)  Less frequent, larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
D)  More frequent, smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
E)  Because of similarities in climate, vegetation, and fire history, there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California. 
A)  The total area burned each year in southern California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in northern Baja California. 
B)  The total area burned each year in northern Baja California is approximately 2X the total area burned each year in southern California. 
C)  Less frequent, larger fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
D)  More frequent, smaller fires burn each year in southern California than in northern Baja California. 
E)  Because of similarities in climate, vegetation, and fire history, there are few quantifiable differences in the fire regime of southern California and northern Baja California.

Question 16

"Argyllic horizons" in soil are rich in

Accepted Answer

A)  phosphorous. 
B)  organic matter. 
C)  sand. 
D)  gravel. 
E)  clay. 
A)  phosphorous. 
B)  organic matter. 
C)  sand. 
D)  gravel. 
E)  clay.

Question 17

When measuring the coastline of Texas, which of these rulers would give you the shortest estimate of coastline length?

Accepted Answer

A) 
1 cm 
B)  10 cm 
C)  1 m 
D)  10 m 
E)  1 km 
A) 
1 cm 
B)  10 cm 
C)  1 m 
D)  10 m 
E)  1 km

Question 18

There is experimental evidence to support the theory that the negative impact of fragmentation and isolation on populations can be reduced by connecting habitat fragments with corridors of similar habitat.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

For Glanville fritillary butterflies in Finland, larger habitat patches (compared to smaller ones) support

Accepted Answer

A)  higher population sizes and higher population densities. 
B)  higher population sizes but equal population densities. 
C)  higher population sizes but lower population densities. 
D)  equal population sizes, due to higher population densities. 
E)  equal population sizes and equal population densities. 
A)  higher population sizes and higher population densities. 
B)  higher population sizes but equal population densities. 
C)  higher population sizes but lower population densities. 
D)  equal population sizes, due to higher population densities. 
E)  equal population sizes and equal population densities.

Question 20

Reduced regulation of water flow in the Kissimmee River has led to increases in populations of fish that require highly oxygenated water.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 21: Landscape Ecology

McAuliffe found middle to late Pleistocene soils of the Sonoran Desert, which formed hundreds of thousands of years ago, were characterized by

In studies of experimental clear-cuts at the Savannah River Site, open patches connected to other open patches

Ecotones are transitional habitat between two ecosystems, which usually include a mix of the physical and biological properties of both ecosystems.

The element within the landscape that is most continuous is called the _______.

A major recent (last 50 years) change in landscape structure of Eastern North America has been

More isolated Finnish meadows support higher densities of Glanville fritillaries.

A "caliche layer" in soil is

The "Mann-Whitney test"

Groundwater inputs to lakes tend to

Vegetation in bajadas of the Arizona Sonoran Desert

Which is NOT an important effect of floods on landscapes and ecosystems in riverine floodplains?

Haddad and Baum demonstrated that corridors between patches of open habitat in dense 40- to 50-year-old pine forests of South Carolina

During droughts, water levels are likely to drop most steeply in lakes at the lower end of hydrological flow systems.

The recognition that the length of a coastline depends on the scale at which it is measured is a result of the branch of mathematics called ___________.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the fire regimes of southern California and northern Baja California?

"Argyllic horizons" in soil are rich in

When measuring the coastline of Texas, which of these rulers would give you the shortest estimate of coastline length?

There is experimental evidence to support the theory that the negative impact of fragmentation and isolation on populations can be reduced by connecting habitat fragments with corridors of similar habitat.

For Glanville fritillary butterflies in Finland, larger habitat patches (compared to smaller ones) support

Reduced regulation of water flow in the Kissimmee River has led to increases in populations of fish that require highly oxygenated water.

Introduction to Ecology Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers

Life on Land

Life in Water

Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Temperature Relations

Water Relations

Energy and Nutrient Relations

Socail Relations

Population Distribution and Abundance

Population Dynamics

Population Growth

Life Histories

Competition

Exploitative Interactions Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease

Mutualism

Species Abundance and Diversity

Species Interactions and Community Structure

Primary Production and Energy Flow

Nutrient Cycling and Retention

Succession and Stability

Geographic Ecology

Global Ecology

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