Question 1

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells produce IgE antibodies. 
B)  B cells release cytokines. 
C)  helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. 
D)  helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  helper T cells release cytokines. 
A)  B cells produce IgE antibodies. 
B)  B cells release cytokines. 
C)  helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. 
D)  helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  helper T cells release cytokines.

Question 2

Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes?

Accepted Answer

A)  cytotoxic T cells 
B)  natural killer cells 
C)  helper T cells 
D)  macrophages 
E)  B cells 
A)  cytotoxic T cells 
B)  natural killer cells 
C)  helper T cells 
D)  macrophages 
E)  B cells

Question 3

Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such early human art is

Accepted Answer

A)  heat, pain, and redness. 
B)  pain and whitening of the surrounding tissue. 
C)  swelling and pain. 
D)  antibody-producing cells. 
E)  swelling, heat, redness, and pain. 
A)  heat, pain, and redness. 
B)  pain and whitening of the surrounding tissue. 
C)  swelling and pain. 
D)  antibody-producing cells. 
E)  swelling, heat, redness, and pain.

Question 4

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is

Accepted Answer

A)  lysozyme production. 
B)  phagocytosis by neutrophils. 
C)  antibody production by plasma cells. 
D)  histamine release by basophils. 
E)  lysis by natural killer cells. 
A)  lysozyme production. 
B)  phagocytosis by neutrophils. 
C)  antibody production by plasma cells. 
D)  histamine release by basophils. 
E)  lysis by natural killer cells.

Question 5

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

Accepted Answer

A)  of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases. 
B)  flu can generate anaphylactic shock. 
C)  surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year. 
D)  rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells. 
E)  flu leads to autoimmune disorders. 
A)  of an increase in immunodeficiency diseases. 
B)  flu can generate anaphylactic shock. 
C)  surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to nonresponsiveness the second year. 
D)  rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells. 
E)  flu leads to autoimmune disorders.

Question 6

A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because

Accepted Answer

A)  even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match. 
B)  a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. 
C)  for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. 
D)  Jane's class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. 
E)  Bob's immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant. 
A)  even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match. 
B)  a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. 
C)  for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. 
D)  Jane's class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. 
E)  Bob's immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant.

Question 7

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B)  body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C)  self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D)  complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E)  cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis 
A)  B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B)  body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C)  self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D)  complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E)  cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

Question 8

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

Accepted Answer

A)  MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules. 
B)  the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. 
C)  a response to the graft will involve B cells and a response to the bacterium will not. 
D)  a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. 
E)  the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient. 
A)  MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules. 
B)  the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. 
C)  a response to the graft will involve B cells and a response to the bacterium will not. 
D)  a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. 
E)  the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.

Question 9

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, although infected, she does not get sick.
-Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. 
B)  B cells kill pathogens directly; cytotoxic T cells kill host cells. 
C)  B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. 
D)  B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response. 
E)  B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times. 
A)  B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. 
B)  B cells kill pathogens directly; cytotoxic T cells kill host cells. 
C)  B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. 
D)  B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response. 
E)  B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times.

Question 10

An epitope is

Accepted Answer

A)  part of the interferons that penetrate foreign cells. 
B)  a protein protruding from the surface of B cells. 
C)  two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma. 
D)  that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor. 
E)  a mirror image of an antigen. 
A)  part of the interferons that penetrate foreign cells. 
B)  a protein protruding from the surface of B cells. 
C)  two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma. 
D)  that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor. 
E)  a mirror image of an antigen.

Question 11

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

Accepted Answer

A)  certain bacterial infections. 
B)  specific forms of viruses. 
C)  the presence of natural killer cells. 
D)  a fever of >103°F in adults. 
E)  increased production of neutrophils. 
A)  certain bacterial infections. 
B)  specific forms of viruses. 
C)  the presence of natural killer cells. 
D)  a fever of >103°F in adults. 
E)  increased production of neutrophils.

Question 12

Salmonella bacterial poisoning can be initiated when

Accepted Answer

A)  the microbe survives the acidic environment of the stomach and resists lysosomal degradation in macrophages. 
B)  the chemotactic messengers released by the microbe do not attract sufficient neutrophils to entirely destroy the infection. 
C)  there is a delay in selection of the population of eosinophils that recognize and fight these microbes. 
D)  the microbes release chemical messengers that make them resistant to phagocytosis. 
E)  The combination of foods eaten at the meal reduces the pH of the stomach sufficiently so that ingested microbes are not destroyed. 
A)  the microbe survives the acidic environment of the stomach and resists lysosomal degradation in macrophages. 
B)  the chemotactic messengers released by the microbe do not attract sufficient neutrophils to entirely destroy the infection. 
C)  there is a delay in selection of the population of eosinophils that recognize and fight these microbes. 
D)  the microbes release chemical messengers that make them resistant to phagocytosis. 
E)  The combination of foods eaten at the meal reduces the pH of the stomach sufficiently so that ingested microbes are not destroyed.

Question 13

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other

Accepted Answer

A)  in the way they are produced. 
B)  in their heavy-chain structure. 
C)  in the type of cell that produces them. 
D)  by the antigenic determinants that they recognize. 
E)  by the number of carbohydrate subunits they have. 
A)  in the way they are produced. 
B)  in their heavy-chain structure. 
C)  in the type of cell that produces them. 
D)  by the antigenic determinants that they recognize. 
E)  by the number of carbohydrate subunits they have.

Question 14

Adaptive immunity depends on

Accepted Answer

A)  traits common to groups of pathogens. 
B)  pathogen-specific recognition. 
C)  maternal provision of antibodies to offspring. 
D)  plants being exposed to new pathogens. 
E)  having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses. 
A)  traits common to groups of pathogens. 
B)  pathogen-specific recognition. 
C)  maternal provision of antibodies to offspring. 
D)  plants being exposed to new pathogens. 
E)  having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses.

Question 15

All cells have protein markers on their membranes, and the Rh antigen is found in the membranes of red blood cells. If a person possesses the Rh antigen on his or her red blood cells, it is indicated with a + sign. If a person does not possess the Rh antigen, it is indicated with a - sign. A, B, and O refer to the ABO blood groups.
   Figure 35.3
-Study the table in Figure 35.3. Giving the mother anti-Rh antibodies before delivering her baby would be a wise precaution in

Accepted Answer

A)  Case 1 only. 
B)  Case 3 only. 
C)  Cases 1 and 2 only. 
D)  Cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the data given. 
A)  Case 1 only. 
B)  Case 3 only. 
C)  Cases 1 and 2 only. 
D)  Cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the data given.

Question 16

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that

Accepted Answer

A)  are active only in lymph nodes. 
B)  bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. 
C)  bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. 
D)  bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells. 
E)  bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. 
A)  are active only in lymph nodes. 
B)  bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading/foreign cells. 
C)  bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma. 
D)  bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells. 
E)  bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells.

Question 17

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

Accepted Answer

A)  redness and heat only. 
B)  swelling only. 
C)  pain. 
D)  redness, heat, and swelling. 
E)  all of the signs of a major infection. 
A)  redness and heat only. 
B)  swelling only. 
C)  pain. 
D)  redness, heat, and swelling. 
E)  all of the signs of a major infection.

Question 18

The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen. 
B)  the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells. 
C)  a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response. 
D)  a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells. 
E)  the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C-region DNA. 
A)  mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen. 
B)  the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells. 
C)  a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response. 
D)  a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells. 
E)  the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C-region DNA.

Question 19

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

Accepted Answer

A)  acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B)  functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C)  produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D)  secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E)  causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens. 
A)  acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B)  functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C)  produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D)  secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E)  causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens.

Question 20

Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by

Accepted Answer

A)  polyadenylase. 
B)  RNA polymerase. 
C)  reverse transcriptase. 
D)  epitopase. 
E)  recombinase. 
A)  polyadenylase. 
B)  RNA polymerase. 
C)  reverse transcriptase. 
D)  epitopase. 
E)  recombinase.

Exam 35: The Immune System

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes?

Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such early human art is

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

An epitope is

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

Salmonella bacterial poisoning can be initiated when

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other

Adaptive immunity depends on

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

Within a differentiated B cell, the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions is accomplished by

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

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Mendel and the Gene Idea

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The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

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Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

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