Question 1

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

Accepted Answer

A)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B)  antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C)  the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only. 
E)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
A)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes. 
B)  antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes. 
C)  the release of cytokines by activated B cells. 
D)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only. 
E)  the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells.

Question 2

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria, and the results are shown in Figures 35.1 and 35.2.
   
   Figure 35.1 Figure 35.2
-The results shown in the graphs in Figures 35.1 and 35.2 support the hypothesis that

Accepted Answer

A)  adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
B)  adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
C)  wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D)  the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
E)  even the wild-type flies rarely, if ever, survive for 5 days. 
A)  adding the defensin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
B)  adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from fungal infection. 
C)  wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D)  the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
E)  even the wild-type flies rarely, if ever, survive for 5 days.

Question 3

The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are

Accepted Answer

A)  the phagocytes and the lysozymes. 
B)  the phagocytes and the chemokines. 
C)  the dendritic cells and the interferons. 
D)  the mast cells and the histamines. 
E)  the lymphocytes and the interferons. 
A)  the phagocytes and the lysozymes. 
B)  the phagocytes and the chemokines. 
C)  the dendritic cells and the interferons. 
D)  the mast cells and the histamines. 
E)  the lymphocytes and the interferons.

Question 4

A systemic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is

Accepted Answer

A)  mild fever. 
B)  aches and dull pain. 
C)  septic shock. 
D)  high blood pressure. 
E)  increased white blood cell count. 
A)  mild fever. 
B)  aches and dull pain. 
C)  septic shock. 
D)  high blood pressure. 
E)  increased white blood cell count.

Question 5

A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells. 
B)  plasma cells. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  T cells. 
E)  macrophages. 
A)  B cells. 
B)  plasma cells. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  T cells. 
E)  macrophages.

Question 6

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

Accepted Answer

A)  vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin. 
B)  injection of antibodies to the toxin. 
C)  injection of interleukin-1. 
D)  injection of interleukin-2. 
E)  injection of interferon. 
A)  vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin. 
B)  injection of antibodies to the toxin. 
C)  injection of interleukin-1. 
D)  injection of interleukin-2. 
E)  injection of interferon.

Question 7

T cells of the immune system include

Accepted Answer

A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells. 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells. 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells. 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 
E)  class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells. 
A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells. 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells. 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells. 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 
E)  class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells.

Question 8

Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because

Accepted Answer

A)  blood contains many different antibodies and antigens. 
B)  construction of a hybridoma requires multiple types of cells. 
C)  multiple immunoglobulins are produced from descendants of a single B cell. 
D)  diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen. 
E)  macrophages, T cells, and B cells all are involved in a normal immune response. 
A)  blood contains many different antibodies and antigens. 
B)  construction of a hybridoma requires multiple types of cells. 
C)  multiple immunoglobulins are produced from descendants of a single B cell. 
D)  diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen. 
E)  macrophages, T cells, and B cells all are involved in a normal immune response.

Question 9

Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. 
B)  the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. 
C)  cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. 
D)  there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. 
E)  cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus. 
A)  the immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. 
B)  the cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. 
C)  cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. 
D)  there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. 
E)  cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same virus.

Question 10

Innate immunity

Accepted Answer

A)  is activated immediately upon infection. 
B)  depends on a newly infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen. 
C)  is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens. 
D)  is found only in vertebrate animals. 
E)  utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells. 
A)  is activated immediately upon infection. 
B)  depends on a newly infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen. 
C)  is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens. 
D)  is found only in vertebrate animals. 
E)  utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells.

Question 11

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

Accepted Answer

A)  the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins. 
B)  the strep bacteria, which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency. 
C)  human papilloma virus, which can remain latent for several years. 
D)  the causative agent of the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. 
E)  multiple sclerosis, which attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system. 
A)  the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins. 
B)  the strep bacteria, which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency. 
C)  human papilloma virus, which can remain latent for several years. 
D)  the causative agent of the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. 
E)  multiple sclerosis, which attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system.

Question 12

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces. 
B)  lack humoral immunity. 
C)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors. 
D)  be unable to differentiate and mature T cells. 
E)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies. 
A)  lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces. 
B)  lack humoral immunity. 
C)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors. 
D)  be unable to differentiate and mature T cells. 
E)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies.

Question 13

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

Accepted Answer

A)  large numbers of neutrophils. 
B)  large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. 
C)  vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. 
D)  long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
E)  short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
A)  large numbers of neutrophils. 
B)  large quantities of the antigen initially recognized. 
C)  vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors. 
D)  long-lived erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen. 
E)  short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen.

Question 14

Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence. I. Pathogen is destroyed.
II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.
V. Only memory cells remain.

Accepted Answer

A)  I → III → II → IV → V 
B)  III → II → I → V → IV 
C)  II → I → IV → III → V 
D)  IV → II → III → I → V 
E)  III → IV → II → I → V 
A)  I → III → II → IV → V 
B)  III → II → I → V → IV 
C)  II → I → IV → III → V 
D)  IV → II → III → I → V 
E)  III → IV → II → I → V

Question 15

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies. 
B)  antigens. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  double-stranded RNA. 
E)  immunoglobulins. 
A)  antibodies. 
B)  antigens. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  double-stranded RNA. 
E)  immunoglobulins.

Question 16

A patient who undergoes a high level of mast cell degranulation, dilation of blood vessels, and an acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

Accepted Answer

A)  an autoimmune disease. 
B)  a typical allergy that can be treated by antihistamines. 
C)  an organ transplant, such as a skin graft. 
D)  the effect of exhaustion on the immune system. 
E)  anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen. 
A)  an autoimmune disease. 
B)  a typical allergy that can be treated by antihistamines. 
C)  an organ transplant, such as a skin graft. 
D)  the effect of exhaustion on the immune system. 
E)  anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen.

Question 17

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

Accepted Answer

A)  the mucous membranes that cover their surface. 
B)  the secretion of complement proteins. 
C)  the release of slightly alkaline secretions. 
D)  the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces. 
E)  interferons produced by immune cells. 
A)  the mucous membranes that cover their surface. 
B)  the secretion of complement proteins. 
C)  the release of slightly alkaline secretions. 
D)  the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces. 
E)  interferons produced by immune cells.

Question 18

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

Accepted Answer

A)  memory cells. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  stem cells. 
D)  B cells. 
E)  T cells. 
A)  memory cells. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  stem cells. 
D)  B cells. 
E)  T cells.

Question 19

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, although infected, she does not get sick.
-Which of the following statements is not true?

Accepted Answer

A)  An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. 
B)  An antigen can have different epitopes. 
C)  A pathogen makes more than one antigen. 
D)  A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. 
E)  A liver cell makes one class of MHC molecule. 
A)  An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. 
B)  An antigen can have different epitopes. 
C)  A pathogen makes more than one antigen. 
D)  A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. 
E)  A liver cell makes one class of MHC molecule.

Question 20

Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

Accepted Answer

A)  Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides. 
B)  memory cells to produce antibodies. 
C)  plasma cells to produce antigens. 
D)  cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  humoral immune responses. 
A)  Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides. 
B)  memory cells to produce antibodies. 
C)  plasma cells to produce antigens. 
D)  cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  humoral immune responses.

Exam 35: The Immune System

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are

A systemic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is

A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

T cells of the immune system include

Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because

Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

Innate immunity

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

A patient who undergoes a high level of mast cell degranulation, dilation of blood vessels, and an acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

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