Question 1

Household ammonia has a pH of 12; household bleach has a pH of 13. Which of the following statements about these substances is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both of these substances are strong acids. 
B)  The ammonia has 10 times as many OH- ions as the bleach. 
C)  The ammonia has 10 times as many H+ ions as the bleach. 
D)  A solution that could buffer the bleach and ammonia would remove excess OH- ions. 
A)  Both of these substances are strong acids. 
B)  The ammonia has 10 times as many OH- ions as the bleach. 
C)  The ammonia has 10 times as many H+ ions as the bleach. 
D)  A solution that could buffer the bleach and ammonia would remove excess OH- ions.

Question 2

How will a lower ocean pH caused by ocean acidification affect coral reefs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Coral reefs will grow faster because there are more carbonate ions available. 
B)  Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer carbonate ions available. 
C)  Coral reefs will grow faster because there are more bicarbonate ions available. 
D)  Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer bicarbonate ions available. 
A)  Coral reefs will grow faster because there are more carbonate ions available. 
B)  Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer carbonate ions available. 
C)  Coral reefs will grow faster because there are more bicarbonate ions available. 
D)  Coral reefs will grow slower because there are fewer bicarbonate ions available.

Question 3

Which of the following statements best describes a compound?

Accepted Answer

A)  A compound is a pure element. 
B)  A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio. 
C)  A compound is exemplified by sodium. 
D)  A compound is a solution. 
A)  A compound is a pure element. 
B)  A compound contains two or more different elements in a fixed ratio. 
C)  A compound is exemplified by sodium. 
D)  A compound is a solution.

Question 4

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

Accepted Answer

A)  In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other. 
B)  In covalent bonding, both partners end up with filled outer electron shells; in ionic bonding, one partner does and the other does not. 
C)  Covalent bonding involves only the outermost electron shell; ionic bonding also involves the next electron shell inside the outermost shell. 
D)  Covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element; ionic bonds form between atoms of different elements. 
A)  In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other. 
B)  In covalent bonding, both partners end up with filled outer electron shells; in ionic bonding, one partner does and the other does not. 
C)  Covalent bonding involves only the outermost electron shell; ionic bonding also involves the next electron shell inside the outermost shell. 
D)  Covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element; ionic bonds form between atoms of different elements.

Question 5

In some areas, fluoride is added during the municipal water treatment process in order to help

Accepted Answer

A)  prevent goiter. 
B)  prevent the growth of bacteria. 
C)  prevent the development of mental retardation. 
D)  reduce tooth decay. 
A)  prevent goiter. 
B)  prevent the growth of bacteria. 
C)  prevent the development of mental retardation. 
D)  reduce tooth decay.

Question 6

________ are weak bonds that are not strong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules but are strong enough to form bonds within and around large molecules.

Accepted Answer

A)  Ionic bonds 
B)  Covalent bonds 
C)  Polar covalent bonds 
D)  Hydrogen bonds 
A)  Ionic bonds 
B)  Covalent bonds 
C)  Polar covalent bonds 
D)  Hydrogen bonds

Question 7

The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  adhesion. 
B)  polarity. 
C)  cohesion. 
D)  transpiration. 
A)  adhesion. 
B)  polarity. 
C)  cohesion. 
D)  transpiration.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about radioactive isotopes is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The nuclei of radioactive isotopes are unusually stable, but the atoms tend to lose electrons. 
B)  When given a choice between radioactive and nonradioactive isotopes of the same atom, living cells are more likely to incorporate the radioactive isotopes into their structures. 
C)  The energy emitted by radioactive isotopes can cause molecular damage in cells. 
D)  Radioactive elements are natural and therefore not harmful. 
A)  The nuclei of radioactive isotopes are unusually stable, but the atoms tend to lose electrons. 
B)  When given a choice between radioactive and nonradioactive isotopes of the same atom, living cells are more likely to incorporate the radioactive isotopes into their structures. 
C)  The energy emitted by radioactive isotopes can cause molecular damage in cells. 
D)  Radioactive elements are natural and therefore not harmful.

Question 9

Uranium is a metallic element that is used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. The vast majority of uranium found on Earth is in the form of uranium-238, an isotope with a mass number of 238, while the uranium that is used for nuclear reactors and weapons is uranium-235, an isotope with a mass number of 235.
-In a certain type of nuclear reactor, uranium-238 can be converted to plutonium-239, another radioactive element (with an atomic number of 94) that can be used to power nuclear reactions. Which of the following statements regarding uranium-238 and plutonium-239 is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  An atom of plutonium-239 contains one more proton than an atom of uranium-238. 
B)  An atom of plutonium-239 contains 145 neutrons. 
C)  An atom of uranium-238 has a smaller mass than an atom of plutonium-239. 
D)  An atom of plutonium-239 contains two more protons and one fewer neutron than an atom of uranium-238. 
A)  An atom of plutonium-239 contains one more proton than an atom of uranium-238. 
B)  An atom of plutonium-239 contains 145 neutrons. 
C)  An atom of uranium-238 has a smaller mass than an atom of plutonium-239. 
D)  An atom of plutonium-239 contains two more protons and one fewer neutron than an atom of uranium-238.

Question 10

Table salt is formed when

Accepted Answer

A)  chlorine gives an electron to sodium. 
B)  a hydrogen bond forms between sodium and chlorine. 
C)  sodium and chlorine share electrons to form a bond. 
D)  sodium donates its single outer electron to chlorine. 
A)  chlorine gives an electron to sodium. 
B)  a hydrogen bond forms between sodium and chlorine. 
C)  sodium and chlorine share electrons to form a bond. 
D)  sodium donates its single outer electron to chlorine.

Question 11

Clots in our blood can lead to a heart attack or stroke by blocking blood flow. If a clot were made up of a mass of proteins, what change in the proteins led to the formation of a clot?

Accepted Answer

A)  The proteins became more polar. 
B)  The blood became saturated with proteins. 
C)  The proteins were no longer soluble in the blood. 
D)  The proteins became more soluble in the blood. 
A)  The proteins became more polar. 
B)  The blood became saturated with proteins. 
C)  The proteins were no longer soluble in the blood. 
D)  The proteins became more soluble in the blood.

Question 12

Which of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom of a water molecule is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Oxygen is more positively charged than the hydrogen atoms. 
B)  Oxygen attracts electrons less strongly than the hydrogen atoms. 
C)  Oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms. 
D)  Oxygen is attracted to the negatively charged atoms of other molecules. 
A)  Oxygen is more positively charged than the hydrogen atoms. 
B)  Oxygen attracts electrons less strongly than the hydrogen atoms. 
C)  Oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms. 
D)  Oxygen is attracted to the negatively charged atoms of other molecules.

Question 13

Water's surface tension and heat storage capacity are accounted for by its

Accepted Answer

A)  orbitals. 
B)  hydrogen bonds. 
C)  mass. 
D)  size. 
A)  orbitals. 
B)  hydrogen bonds. 
C)  mass. 
D)  size.

Question 14

Which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds. 
B)  Some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them. 
C)  The reactants contain the same number of atoms as the products. 
D)  Although the atoms of a reaction's reactants and products are identical to each other, their molecular formulas differ. 
A)  Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds. 
B)  Some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them. 
C)  The reactants contain the same number of atoms as the products. 
D)  Although the atoms of a reaction's reactants and products are identical to each other, their molecular formulas differ.

Question 15

A single water molecule (H-O-H) is held together by

Accepted Answer

A)  one polar covalent bond. 
B)  one nonpolar covalent bond. 
C)  two polar covalent bonds. 
D)  two hydrogen bonds. 
A)  one polar covalent bond. 
B)  one nonpolar covalent bond. 
C)  two polar covalent bonds. 
D)  two hydrogen bonds.

Question 16

Which of the following is a trace element in the human body?

Accepted Answer

A)  nitrogen 
B)  zinc 
C)  oxygen 
D)  hydrogen 
A)  nitrogen 
B)  zinc 
C)  oxygen 
D)  hydrogen

Question 17

The temperature of evaporation is much higher for water than for alcohol. Without knowing more about the chemistry of alcohol, which of the following is the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ionic bonds form between alcohol molecules. These are the weakest type of bond and are easier to break than the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. 
B)  Alcohol has a higher surface tension than water. This means that alcohol molecules can easily break away from other alcohol molecules and evaporate at a lower temperature. 
C)  Alcohol molecules are more cohesive than water molecules. This means that as alcohol molecules evaporate, they pull other alcohol molecules into the air along with them. 
D)  Fewer hydrogen bonds form between alcohol molecules. As a result, less heat is needed for alcohol molecules to break away from solution and enter the air. 
A)  Ionic bonds form between alcohol molecules. These are the weakest type of bond and are easier to break than the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. 
B)  Alcohol has a higher surface tension than water. This means that alcohol molecules can easily break away from other alcohol molecules and evaporate at a lower temperature. 
C)  Alcohol molecules are more cohesive than water molecules. This means that as alcohol molecules evaporate, they pull other alcohol molecules into the air along with them. 
D)  Fewer hydrogen bonds form between alcohol molecules. As a result, less heat is needed for alcohol molecules to break away from solution and enter the air.

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding matter is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  All life is composed of matter. 
B)  All matter has mass. 
C)  All matter is composed of elements. 
D)  All matter exists in the form of compounds. 
A)  All life is composed of matter. 
B)  All matter has mass. 
C)  All matter is composed of elements. 
D)  All matter exists in the form of compounds.

Question 19

A pharmaceutical company hires a chemist to analyze the purity of the water being used in its drug preparations. If the water is pure, the chemist would expect to find

Accepted Answer

A)  only molecules of H2O. 
B)  only H2O molecules and H+ ions. 
C)  H2O molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions. 
D)  only H+ ions and OH- ions. 
A)  only molecules of H2O. 
B)  only H2O molecules and H+ ions. 
C)  H2O molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions. 
D)  only H+ ions and OH- ions.

Question 20

Thin-layer chromatography is a method that can be used to separate molecules by their polarity. A mixture of molecules in a nonpolar liquid (the mobile phase) is added to the bottom of a piece of adsorbent material (the stationary phase) and allowed to migrate up the material. More-polar molecules interact more strongly with the stationary phase and thus migrate less. Less-polar molecules interact less strongly with the stationary phase and thus migrate more. Below are sample data for four different molecules from a thin-layer chromatography experiment. [Art: custom PowerPoint figure created by the author]
-Molecule C could possibly contain many of which of the following bonds?

Accepted Answer

A)  C-C 
B)  C-H 
C)  O=O 
D)  C-O 
A)  C-C 
B)  C-H 
C)  O=O 
D)  C-O

Exam 2: The Chemical Basis of Life

Household ammonia has a pH of 12; household bleach has a pH of 13. Which of the following statements about these substances is true?

How will a lower ocean pH caused by ocean acidification affect coral reefs?

Which of the following statements best describes a compound?

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

In some areas, fluoride is added during the municipal water treatment process in order to help

________ are weak bonds that are not strong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules but are strong enough to form bonds within and around large molecules.

The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as

Which of the following statements about radioactive isotopes is true?

Table salt is formed when

Clots in our blood can lead to a heart attack or stroke by blocking blood flow. If a clot were made up of a mass of proteins, what change in the proteins led to the formation of a clot?

Which of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom of a water molecule is true?

Water's surface tension and heat storage capacity are accounted for by its

Which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false?

A single water molecule (H-O-H) is held together by

Which of the following is a trace element in the human body?

The temperature of evaporation is much higher for water than for alcohol. Without knowing more about the chemistry of alcohol, which of the following is the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon?

Which of the following statements regarding matter is false?

A pharmaceutical company hires a chemist to analyze the purity of the water being used in its drug preparations. If the water is pure, the chemist would expect to find

Biology: Exploring Life

The Molecules of Cells

A Tour of the Cell

The Working Cell

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

Patterns of Inheritance

Molecular Biology of the Gene

How Genes Are Controlled

DNA Technology and Genomics

How Populations Evolve

The Origin of Species

Tracing Evolutionary History

Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity

The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Gas Exchange

Circulation

The Immune System

Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Reproduction and Embryonic Development

Nervous Systems

The Senses

How Animals Move

Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Control Systems in Plants

The Biosphere: an Introduction to Earths Diverse Environments

Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment

Population Ecology

Communities and Ecosystems

Conservation Biology

Filters