Question 1

Suppose that the circular muscles in an earthworm have become selectively paralyzed such that they are not able to contract. How will this affect the earthworm's locomotion?

Accepted Answer

A)  The earthworm will be able to elongate, but not get thicker. 
B)  The earthworm will be able to get thicker, but not elongate. 
C)  The earthworm will not be able to elongate or get thicker. 
D)  The earthworm will be able to crawl as normal. 
A)  The earthworm will be able to elongate, but not get thicker. 
B)  The earthworm will be able to get thicker, but not elongate. 
C)  The earthworm will not be able to elongate or get thicker. 
D)  The earthworm will be able to crawl as normal.

Question 2

According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts when its

Accepted Answer

A)  thick filaments slide across its Z lines. 
B)  thin filaments slide across its Z lines. 
C)  thin filaments slide along its thick filaments. 
D)  thick filaments move closer together. 
A)  thick filaments slide across its Z lines. 
B)  thin filaments slide across its Z lines. 
C)  thin filaments slide along its thick filaments. 
D)  thick filaments move closer together.

Question 3

To treat a broken bone, physicians will

Accepted Answer

A)  graft new bone to the region. 
B)  exercise the area of the broken bone. 
C)  prescribe bed rest and calcium supplements. 
D)  reshape broken bone parts to their natural position. 
A)  graft new bone to the region. 
B)  exercise the area of the broken bone. 
C)  prescribe bed rest and calcium supplements. 
D)  reshape broken bone parts to their natural position.

Question 4

One change that occurs within a sarcomere during muscle contraction is that the

Accepted Answer

A)  thin filaments get thicker. 
B)  thick filaments move closer together. 
C)  Z lines move closer together. 
D)  thick filaments get thicker. 
A)  thin filaments get thicker. 
B)  thick filaments move closer together. 
C)  Z lines move closer together. 
D)  thick filaments get thicker.

Question 5

The neurotransmitter found at the synapse between nerves and human skeletal muscle cells is

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholine. 
B)  epinephrine. 
C)  dopamine. 
D)  serotonin. 
A)  acetylcholine. 
B)  epinephrine. 
C)  dopamine. 
D)  serotonin.

Question 6

Which is most like an exoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

A)  springs in a mattress 
B)  a water balloon 
C)  a suit of armor 
D)  the hair covering the surface of a bear 
A)  springs in a mattress 
B)  a water balloon 
C)  a suit of armor 
D)  the hair covering the surface of a bear

Question 7

Which statement regarding exercise is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most of the ATP for aerobic exercise comes from aerobic respiration. 
B)  During a short burst of activity such as a sprint, the main source of energy is aerobic respiration. 
C)  If the demand for ATP outstrips oxygen supply, muscles switch to aerobic fermentation. 
A)  Most of the ATP for aerobic exercise comes from aerobic respiration. 
B)  During a short burst of activity such as a sprint, the main source of energy is aerobic respiration. 
C)  If the demand for ATP outstrips oxygen supply, muscles switch to aerobic fermentation.

Question 8

The "Ironman" is a version of the triathlon, a race that includes three events: swimming, bicycling, and running. In an Ironman, an athlete must swim 2.4 miles, bike 112 miles, and run 26.2 miles, in that order, without a break. The annual Ironman World Championship is held in Hawaii every year. The men's course record was set in 2011 by Australia's Craig Alexander with a time of 8 hours, 18 minutes, and 37 seconds, and the women's course record was set in 2009 by England's Chrissie Wellington with a time of 8 hours, 54 minutes, and 2 seconds.
-What type of energy would the leg muscles of athletes that enter this race use during the final 26.2-mile foot race?

Accepted Answer

A)  stored ATP and PCr 
B)  aerobic respiration 
C)  stored ATP and PCr plus lactic acid fermentation 
D)  lactic acid fermentation 
A)  stored ATP and PCr 
B)  aerobic respiration 
C)  stored ATP and PCr plus lactic acid fermentation 
D)  lactic acid fermentation

Question 9

Which animal has an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage and reinforced with cartilage?

Accepted Answer

A)  bullfrog 
B)  mackerel 
C)  shark 
D)  robin 
A)  bullfrog 
B)  mackerel 
C)  shark 
D)  robin

Question 10

Structurally, a sarcomere is

Accepted Answer

A)  the region between two thick filaments. 
B)  the region between two Z lines. 
C)  an array of Z units. 
D)  the region between a thick filament and the next thin filament. 
A)  the region between two thick filaments. 
B)  the region between two Z lines. 
C)  an array of Z units. 
D)  the region between a thick filament and the next thin filament.

Question 11

The role of calcium in muscle contraction is to

Accepted Answer

A)  release ADP and phosphate from myosin. 
B)  make it possible for ATP to bind to actin. 
C)  make it possible for myosin to bind to actin. 
D)  make it possible for ATP to bind to myosin. 
A)  release ADP and phosphate from myosin. 
B)  make it possible for ATP to bind to actin. 
C)  make it possible for myosin to bind to actin. 
D)  make it possible for ATP to bind to myosin.

Question 12

Which statement best describes the molecular basis of muscle shortening?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individual filamentous proteins contract. 
B)  Individual filamentous proteins shorten by coiling. 
C)  Rod-shaped protein polymers shorten by losing subunits from their ends. 
D)  Protein filaments ratchet along other protein filaments. 
A)  Individual filamentous proteins contract. 
B)  Individual filamentous proteins shorten by coiling. 
C)  Rod-shaped protein polymers shorten by losing subunits from their ends. 
D)  Protein filaments ratchet along other protein filaments.

Question 13

Which of the following statements best describes the power stroke of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

A)  The myosin head bends, pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 
B)  The myosin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 
C)  The actin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 
D)  The actin head bends, pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 
A)  The myosin head bends, pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 
B)  The myosin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 
C)  The actin head bends, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 
D)  The actin head bends, pulling the thick filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 14

Skeletal muscles

Accepted Answer

A)  are found in and around internal organs. 
B)  get longer when they contract. 
C)  work in antagonistic pairs. 
D)  push on bones to make them move. 
A)  are found in and around internal organs. 
B)  get longer when they contract. 
C)  work in antagonistic pairs. 
D)  push on bones to make them move.

Question 15

Which part of this figure depicts the thoracic vertebrae?

Accepted Answer

A)  part A 
B)  part B 
C)  part C 
D)  part D 
A)  part A 
B)  part B 
C)  part C 
D)  part D

Question 16

Which statement about hydrostatic skeletons is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hydrostatic skeletons are nonflexible. 
B)  Hydrostatic skeletons provide little support for muscle action. 
C)  Hydrostatic skeletons produce rigid animals that maintain one shape. 
D)  Hydrostatic skeletons can protect internal organs. 
A)  Hydrostatic skeletons are nonflexible. 
B)  Hydrostatic skeletons provide little support for muscle action. 
C)  Hydrostatic skeletons produce rigid animals that maintain one shape. 
D)  Hydrostatic skeletons can protect internal organs.

Question 17

Which part of a bone contains mostly stored fat?

Accepted Answer

A)  red bone marrow 
B)  fibrous connective tissue 
C)  spongy bone 
D)  yellow bone marrow 
A)  red bone marrow 
B)  fibrous connective tissue 
C)  spongy bone 
D)  yellow bone marrow

Question 18

Which object is most like a hydrostatic skeleton?

Accepted Answer

A)  a water balloon 
B)  a hot-air balloon 
C)  a piece of M&M candy 
D)  a bowling ball 
A)  a water balloon 
B)  a hot-air balloon 
C)  a piece of M&M candy 
D)  a bowling ball

Question 19

During muscle contraction,

Accepted Answer

A)  only the thin filaments shorten. 
B)  only the sarcomere shortens. 
C)  only the thick filaments shorten. 
D)  both the thick filaments and the sarcomere shorten. 
A)  only the thin filaments shorten. 
B)  only the sarcomere shortens. 
C)  only the thick filaments shorten. 
D)  both the thick filaments and the sarcomere shorten.

Question 20

In the year 2000, it was estimated that the number of new osteoporotic fractures in men and women ages 50 and older was 9.0 million: 1.6 million were at the hip, 1.7 million were at the forearm, and 1.4 million were from the spine and humerus. Consider the following data and answer the questions that follow.
Estimated Number of Fractures (in Thousands) Worldwide at the Sites Shown in Men and Women in the Year 2000
 $\begin{array}{l}
\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Percentage of }\
\begin{array} { l l l l l } 
\text { Site of Fracture } & \text { Fractures } & \text { Men } & \text { Women } & \text { Total } \
\text { Hip } & 18.2 & 490 & 1,137 & 1,627 \
\text { Forearm } & 18.5 & 332 & 1,328 & 1,660 \
\text { Spine } & 15.8 & 554 & 862 & 1,416 \
\text { Humerus } & 7.9 & 178 & 528 & 706 \
\text { Other sites } & 39.6 & 1,909 & 1,641 & 3,550 \
\text { Total } & 100 & 3,463 & 5,496 & 8,959
\end{array}
\end{array}$ Source: Adapted from Johnell, O., & Kanis, J.A. (2006). Osteoporosis International, 17(12): 1726. doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0172-4.
-Combined fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus were

Accepted Answer

A)  greater in women than men. 
B)  greater in men than women. 
C)  equal in men and women. 
A)  greater in women than men. 
B)  greater in men than women. 
C)  equal in men and women.

Exam 30: How Animals Move

Suppose that the circular muscles in an earthworm have become selectively paralyzed such that they are not able to contract. How will this affect the earthworm's locomotion?

According to the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, a sarcomere contracts when its

To treat a broken bone, physicians will

One change that occurs within a sarcomere during muscle contraction is that the

The neurotransmitter found at the synapse between nerves and human skeletal muscle cells is

Which is most like an exoskeleton?

Which statement regarding exercise is true?

Which animal has an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage and reinforced with cartilage?

Structurally, a sarcomere is

The role of calcium in muscle contraction is to

Which statement best describes the molecular basis of muscle shortening?

Which of the following statements best describes the power stroke of muscle contraction?

Skeletal muscles

Which part of this figure depicts the thoracic vertebrae?

Which statement about hydrostatic skeletons is true?

Which part of a bone contains mostly stored fat?

Which object is most like a hydrostatic skeleton?

During muscle contraction,

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