Question 1

Which part of a bone contains red bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

A)  compact bone 
B)  fibrous connective tissue 
C)  spongy bone 
D)  yellow bone marrow 
A)  compact bone 
B)  fibrous connective tissue 
C)  spongy bone 
D)  yellow bone marrow

Question 2

Which treatment could possibly help to transform the bone on the right to the bone on the left?

Accepted Answer

A)  wearing long sleeves while out in the sun 
B)  swimming for 30 minutes a day 
C)  removing calcium from the diet 
D)  taking vitamin D supplements 
A)  wearing long sleeves while out in the sun 
B)  swimming for 30 minutes a day 
C)  removing calcium from the diet 
D)  taking vitamin D supplements

Question 3

Osteoporosis is characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  hairline cracks in long bones, such as the femur. 
B)  low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue. 
C)  low phosphate levels in bone. 
D)  lack of vitamin E in bone tissue. 
A)  hairline cracks in long bones, such as the femur. 
B)  low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue. 
C)  low phosphate levels in bone. 
D)  lack of vitamin E in bone tissue.

Question 4

Which part of this figure depicting a bone shows spongy bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

A)  part A 
B)  part B 
C)  part C 
D)  part D 
A)  part A 
B)  part B 
C)  part C 
D)  part D

Question 5

Earthworms have a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  exoskeleton. 
B)  endoskeleton. 
C)  hydrostatic skeleton. 
A)  exoskeleton. 
B)  endoskeleton. 
C)  hydrostatic skeleton.

Question 6

Osteoporosis has long been recognized as a problem for women after menopause, but it is also emerging as a health concern for

Accepted Answer

A)  women and men ages 20-30. 
B)  women ages 16-18. 
C)  men over the age of 65. 
D)  men and younger people in general. 
A)  women and men ages 20-30. 
B)  women ages 16-18. 
C)  men over the age of 65. 
D)  men and younger people in general.

Question 7

Earthworms crawl by

Accepted Answer

A)  undulating from side to side. 
B)  peristalsis. 
C)  extending their belly scales. 
D)  pushing themselves forward from the tail. 
A)  undulating from side to side. 
B)  peristalsis. 
C)  extending their belly scales. 
D)  pushing themselves forward from the tail.

Question 8

When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. Below is a figure that details the force-generating properties of a single sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere length and force.
-At what point on the graph are thick and thin filaments most overlapped?

Accepted Answer

A)  point A 
B)  point B 
C)  point D 
D)  point E 
A)  point A 
B)  point B 
C)  point D 
D)  point E

Question 9

The calcium that triggers muscle contraction is stored in the

Accepted Answer

A)  motor neuron. 
B)  plasma membrane of cells. 
C)  endoplasmic reticulum. 
D)  mitochondria. 
A)  motor neuron. 
B)  plasma membrane of cells. 
C)  endoplasmic reticulum. 
D)  mitochondria.

Question 10

An animal's locomotor (relates to locomotion) muscle was dissected and the percentages of fast and slow fibers were determined and plotted in the accompanying figure. Which muscle is the likely source for this data?

Accepted Answer

A)  flight muscles of a migratory bird 
B)  thigh muscles of a marathon runner 
C)  neck muscles of a chimpanzee 
D)  jumping muscles of a frog 
A)  flight muscles of a migratory bird 
B)  thigh muscles of a marathon runner 
C)  neck muscles of a chimpanzee 
D)  jumping muscles of a frog

Question 11

Muscles that are constantly active, such as those maintaining our body posture, have a high proportion of

Accepted Answer

A)  fast, fatigue-resistant fibers. 
B)  fast, fatigue-susceptible fibers. 
C)  slow, fatigue-resistant fibers. 
D)  slow, fatigue-susceptible fibers. 
A)  fast, fatigue-resistant fibers. 
B)  fast, fatigue-susceptible fibers. 
C)  slow, fatigue-resistant fibers. 
D)  slow, fatigue-susceptible fibers.

Question 12

Which structure constitutes part of the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

A)  skull 
B)  pelvic girdle 
C)  pectoral girdle 
D)  radius 
A)  skull 
B)  pelvic girdle 
C)  pectoral girdle 
D)  radius

Question 13

The way the tendons in the legs of a kangaroo aid in locomotion is most like

Accepted Answer

A)  stepping in mud and the mud spreading out as your foot sinks in. 
B)  stretching and contracting a rubber band. 
C)  the circular movements of the wheels of an automobile. 
D)  smashing an apple to make applesauce. 
A)  stepping in mud and the mud spreading out as your foot sinks in. 
B)  stretching and contracting a rubber band. 
C)  the circular movements of the wheels of an automobile. 
D)  smashing an apple to make applesauce.

Question 14

An important function of the bones in the skeleton is to

Accepted Answer

A)  provide a source of ATP. 
B)  generate hormones. 
C)  add weight. 
D)  support the body. 
A)  provide a source of ATP. 
B)  generate hormones. 
C)  add weight. 
D)  support the body.

Question 15

Fast muscle fibers contain a high proportion of myofibrils, which allows the fibers to generate high amounts of force. However, this leaves little room in the fibers for other cellular components, including mitochondria. The opposite is true for slow muscle fibers. Does this information support or refute what you know about the fatigue-susceptibility of fast and slow fibers? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

A)  It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
B)  It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
C)  It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
D)  It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
A)  It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
B)  It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
C)  It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
D)  It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers.

Question 16

In the year 2000, it was estimated that the number of new osteoporotic fractures in men and women ages 50 and older was 9.0 million: 1.6 million were at the hip, 1.7 million were at the forearm, and 1.4 million were from the spine and humerus. Consider the following data and answer the questions that follow.
Estimated Number of Fractures (in Thousands) Worldwide at the Sites Shown in Men and Women in the Year 2000
 $\begin{array}{l}
\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { Percentage of }\
\begin{array} { l l l l l } 
\text { Site of Fracture } & \text { Fractures } & \text { Men } & \text { Women } & \text { Total } \
\text { Hip } & 18.2 & 490 & 1,137 & 1,627 \
\text { Forearm } & 18.5 & 332 & 1,328 & 1,660 \
\text { Spine } & 15.8 & 554 & 862 & 1,416 \
\text { Humerus } & 7.9 & 178 & 528 & 706 \
\text { Other sites } & 39.6 & 1,909 & 1,641 & 3,550 \
\text { Total } & 100 & 3,463 & 5,496 & 8,959
\end{array}
\end{array}$ Source: Adapted from Johnell, O., & Kanis, J.A. (2006). Osteoporosis International, 17(12): 1726. doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0172-4.
-Compare the percentage of fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women combined to the percentage of fractures at other sites in men and women combined. What do you conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are about 50% more fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women than in fractures at other sites in men and women. 
B)  There are about 20% more fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women than in fractures at other sites in men and women. 
C)  There are about 10% fewer fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women than in fractures at other sites in men and women. 
D)  There are 100% fewer fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women than in fractures at other sites in men and women. 
A)  There are about 50% more fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women than in fractures at other sites in men and women. 
B)  There are about 20% more fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women than in fractures at other sites in men and women. 
C)  There are about 10% fewer fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women than in fractures at other sites in men and women. 
D)  There are 100% fewer fractures in the hip, forearm, spine, and humerus in men and women than in fractures at other sites in men and women.

Question 17

Mutations in the gene for troponin can result in the production of the troponin protein, which has varying affinities for Ca2+ ions. Suppose that in a muscle cell a mutant troponin is expressed that has such a high affinity for Ca2+ ions that once they bind to troponin they cannot unbind. What will likely happen in this muscle cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Myosin heads will not bind to actin after action potentials stop being received. 
B)  Myosin heads will bind to actin after action potentials stop being received. 
C)  Tropomyosin will not move to expose myosin binding sites. 
D)  Cross-bridges will form between myosin and tropomyosin. 
A)  Myosin heads will not bind to actin after action potentials stop being received. 
B)  Myosin heads will bind to actin after action potentials stop being received. 
C)  Tropomyosin will not move to expose myosin binding sites. 
D)  Cross-bridges will form between myosin and tropomyosin.

Question 18

The evolution of the vertebrate skeleton system

Accepted Answer

A)  originated from a snake-like animal with limbs. 
B)  enabled tetrapods to colonize land. 
C)  made animals significantly taller. 
A)  originated from a snake-like animal with limbs. 
B)  enabled tetrapods to colonize land. 
C)  made animals significantly taller.

Question 19

If you inflate a balloon and then let it go, the air rushing out moves the balloon in a way that is similar to the way that a ________ moves.

Accepted Answer

A)  snake 
B)  kangaroo 
C)  squid 
D)  shark 
A)  snake 
B)  kangaroo 
C)  squid 
D)  shark

Question 20

When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. Below is a figure that details the force-generating properties of a single sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere length and force.
-At what point on the graph is the most tension generated?

Accepted Answer

A)  point A 
B)  point B 
C)  point C 
D)  point E 
A)  point A 
B)  point B 
C)  point C 
D)  point E

Exam 30: How Animals Move

Which part of a bone contains red bone marrow?

Which treatment could possibly help to transform the bone on the right to the bone on the left?

Osteoporosis is characterized by

Which part of this figure depicting a bone shows spongy bone tissue?

Earthworms have a(n)

Osteoporosis has long been recognized as a problem for women after menopause, but it is also emerging as a health concern for

Earthworms crawl by

The calcium that triggers muscle contraction is stored in the

An animal's locomotor (relates to locomotion) muscle was dissected and the percentages of fast and slow fibers were determined and plotted in the accompanying figure. Which muscle is the likely source for this data?

Muscles that are constantly active, such as those maintaining our body posture, have a high proportion of

Which structure constitutes part of the axial skeleton?

The way the tendons in the legs of a kangaroo aid in locomotion is most like

An important function of the bones in the skeleton is to

The evolution of the vertebrate skeleton system

If you inflate a balloon and then let it go, the air rushing out moves the balloon in a way that is similar to the way that a ________ moves.

Biology: Exploring Life

The Chemical Basis of Life

The Molecules of Cells

A Tour of the Cell

The Working Cell

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

Patterns of Inheritance

Molecular Biology of the Gene

How Genes Are Controlled

DNA Technology and Genomics

How Populations Evolve

The Origin of Species

Tracing Evolutionary History

Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity

The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Gas Exchange

Circulation

The Immune System

Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Reproduction and Embryonic Development

Nervous Systems

The Senses

Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Control Systems in Plants

The Biosphere: an Introduction to Earths Diverse Environments

Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment

Population Ecology

Communities and Ecosystems

Conservation Biology

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