Exam 3: Bioenergetics, Enzymes, and Metabolism

Certain bacteria have an adaptation that allows them to render penicillin harmless;they have adapted due to their possession of an enzyme called penicillinase.How does it render them immune to the effects of penicillin?

Entropy is associated with the _______ movement of particles of matter,which because they are _____ cannot accomplish a directed work process.

What is the reason for treating a patient simultaneously with two antibiotics against the same bacterium?

What is unusual about the mechanism by which vancomycin inhibits transpeptidation of the bacterial cell wall? Why is it more difficult for bacteria to develop resistance to vancomycin than to other antibiotics?

What are some ways that antibiotic resistance genes can be passed from bacterium to bacterium?

You are observing an enzyme driven reaction.To the reaction mixture you add a chemical X which inhibits the reaction.If you add more substrate,the reaction rate approaches the V_max of the uninhibited reaction.Furthermore,the structure of X is similar to the natural substrate.What kind of inhibitor is X?

Proteins are dynamic molecules that are capable of ________ motion that can have important functional relevance.The existence of this type of motion has suggested that enzymes are capable - even in the absence of substrate - of many of the same movements that can be detected during their catalytic cycle.

4 ATPs per glucose molecule are made during glycolysis.Why then is there a net production of only 2 ATPs for each glucose molecule in the pathway?

What kind of inhibitor binds very tightly to an enzyme often forming a covalent bond with an amino acid in the active site?

Metabolic pathways that make available raw materials from which other molecules can be synthesized and that provide chemical energy required for many cell activities are known as ______.

What kind of enzyme adds phosphate groups to enzymes for the purpose of activating or deactivating them?

You isolate the enzyme that synthesizes folic acid in bacteria and conduct some enzyme kinetics experiments.You find,not surprisingly,that sulfa drugs inhibit the enzyme's activity.What happens to the Vmax and KM of this enzyme when it is treated with sulfa drugs? Why do sulfa drugs have no effect on human metabolism?

Enzymes work by ___________.

Which reaction below might be a suitable coupled reaction for the reaction A + B <-> C + D ( $\Delta$ G = -8.7 kcal/mole)?

The energy stored in ATP is converted to mechanical energy that moves organelles around within the cell.This is an example of __________.

What is the effect of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme-mediated reaction?

If an antibiotic were found to bind to a site on an essential bacterial enzyme other than the active site,what would its most likely mode of action be?

What kind of organism reaches equilibrium?

Why has the pharmaceutical industry drastically cut resources devoted to the development of new antibiotics?

Doubling the concentration of enzyme will ______ the V_max and _____ the K_M.