Question 1

Many amphibian populations have been decimated by a parasitic fungus classified as a member of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Chytridiomycota 
B)  Ascomycota 
C)  Basidiomycota 
D)  Zygomycota 
E)  Glomeromycota 
A)  Chytridiomycota 
B)  Ascomycota 
C)  Basidiomycota 
D)  Zygomycota 
E)  Glomeromycota

Question 2

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize. 
B)  Fungi provide fixed carbon to plants for the production of plant cellular tissues. 
C)  Fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis. 
D)  Fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide. 
A)  Fungi release fixed carbon back to the environment for other plants and photosynthetic organisms to utilize. 
B)  Fungi provide fixed carbon to plants for the production of plant cellular tissues. 
C)  Fungi fix carbon by undergoing photosynthesis. 
D)  Fungi reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Question 3

The sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  asexual structures that produce haploid spores 
B)  asexual structures that produce diploid spores 
C)  sexual structures that produce haploid spores 
D)  sexual structures that produce diploid spores 
A)  asexual structures that produce haploid spores 
B)  asexual structures that produce diploid spores 
C)  sexual structures that produce haploid spores 
D)  sexual structures that produce diploid spores

Question 4

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Canadian and Swiss researchers wanted to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands (M.G.A. van der Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69-72). Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species (A, B, C, and D), no AMF species (O), or all four AMF species together (A + B + C + D); and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other with the only difference being which AMF species were present.
On the graphs below, the x-axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species (bar 0 = no fungi; bars A-D = individual AMF species; bar A + B + C + D = all AMF species together). The y-axis indicates the amount (grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph. Graph (e) is the total biomass (grams) of all 11 plant species combined; graph (f) is the biomass of Bromus erectus plants only, separated from the total.  
-Based on the graphs in the accompanying figure, which of the following plant species is most likely NOT to form mycorrhizal associations?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carex flacca (graph a) 
B)  Lotus corniculatus (graph b) 
C)  Sanguisorba officinalis (graph c) 
D)  Centaurium erythrea (graph d) 
A)  Carex flacca (graph a) 
B)  Lotus corniculatus (graph b) 
C)  Sanguisorba officinalis (graph c) 
D)  Centaurium erythrea (graph d)

Question 5

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

Accepted Answer

A)  parasitic 
B)  mutualistic 
C)  commensal 
D)  predatory 
A)  parasitic 
B)  mutualistic 
C)  commensal 
D)  predatory

Question 6

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

Accepted Answer

A)  fungal haustoria 
B)  soredia 
C)  fungal enzymes 
D)  increased oxygen levels 
E)  larger bacterial populations 
A)  fungal haustoria 
B)  soredia 
C)  fungal enzymes 
D)  increased oxygen levels 
E)  larger bacterial populations

Question 7

Microsporidians are considered parasitic because of the ability to penetrate their host cells using ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a mycelium 
B)  a polar tube 
C)  sporangia 
D)  chitin 
A)  a mycelium 
B)  a polar tube 
C)  sporangia 
D)  chitin

Question 8

Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships involving fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?

Accepted Answer

A)  pathogens 
B)  endosymbioses 
C)  endophytes 
D)  lichens 
E)  mycorrhizae 
A)  pathogens 
B)  endosymbioses 
C)  endophytes 
D)  lichens 
E)  mycorrhizae

Question 9

All fungi are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  symbiotic 
B)  heterotrophic 
C)  flagellated 
D)  pathogenic 
E)  decomposers 
A)  symbiotic 
B)  heterotrophic 
C)  flagellated 
D)  pathogenic 
E)  decomposers

Question 10

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies 
B)  aflatoxins 
C)  hallucinogens 
D)  antigens 
E)  antibiotics 
A)  antibodies 
B)  aflatoxins 
C)  hallucinogens 
D)  antigens 
E)  antibiotics

Question 11

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are ________.
I. composed of hyphae
II. referred to as a mycelium
III. usually underground

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  only II 
D)  I and III 
E)  I, II, and III 
A)  I and II 
B)  II and III 
C)  only II 
D)  I and III 
E)  I, II, and III

Question 12

What is the major difference between Bromus erectus (graph f) and the other plant species (graphs a-d) included in the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bromus erectus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners. 
B)  Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF diversity. 
C)  Bromus erectus does not form mycorrhizal associations. 
D)  Bromus erectus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF. 
A)  Bromus erectus grows best with a diversity of fungal partners. 
B)  Bromus erectus is unaffected by AMF diversity. 
C)  Bromus erectus does not form mycorrhizal associations. 
D)  Bromus erectus produces very little biomass regardless of AMF.

Question 13

The question(s) below refer to the following phylogenetic trees.  
-Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Question 14

Fungi that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter are called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  saprobes 
B)  mycorrhizae 
C)  mushrooms 
D)  yeasts 
E)  molds 
A)  saprobes 
B)  mycorrhizae 
C)  mushrooms 
D)  yeasts 
E)  molds

Question 15

Fungi with hyphae ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis 
B)  have a body plan that is a unicellular sphere 
C)  have cell walls that consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils 
D)  are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources 
E)  reproduce asexually by a process known as budding 
A)  acquire their nutrients by phagocytosis 
B)  have a body plan that is a unicellular sphere 
C)  have cell walls that consist mainly of cellulose microfibrils 
D)  are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources 
E)  reproduce asexually by a process known as budding

Question 16

In graph (b) in the accompanying figure, which of the following best explains the data given about Lotus corniculatus?

Accepted Answer

A)  This plant grows best when AMF taxa A or C are present. 
B)  Lotus corniculatus does not form mycorrhizal associations. 
C)  Mycorrhizal fungi parasitize the plant's roots when they are present, reducing its growth. 
D)  This plant forms multiple AMF associations, growing best with increased fungal diversity. 
A)  This plant grows best when AMF taxa A or C are present. 
B)  Lotus corniculatus does not form mycorrhizal associations. 
C)  Mycorrhizal fungi parasitize the plant's roots when they are present, reducing its growth. 
D)  This plant forms multiple AMF associations, growing best with increased fungal diversity.

Question 17

What is the major distinguishing characteristic of fungi?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquiring nutrition through ingestion 
B)  sedentary lifestyle 
C)  prokaryotic cells 
D)  nutrient acquisition via external digestion 
E)  decomposition of dead organisms 
A)  acquiring nutrition through ingestion 
B)  sedentary lifestyle 
C)  prokaryotic cells 
D)  nutrient acquisition via external digestion 
E)  decomposition of dead organisms

Question 18

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  zygomycete 
B)  ascomycete 
C)  deuteromycete 
D)  chytrid 
E)  basidiomycete 
A)  zygomycete 
B)  ascomycete 
C)  deuteromycete 
D)  chytrid 
E)  basidiomycete

Question 19

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?

Accepted Answer

A)  animals 
B)  vascular plants 
C)  mosses 
D)  brown algae 
E)  slime molds 
A)  animals 
B)  vascular plants 
C)  mosses 
D)  brown algae 
E)  slime molds

Question 20

The question(s) below refer to the following phylogenetic trees.  
-Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Exam 29: Fungi

Many amphibian populations have been decimated by a parasitic fungus classified as a member of the ________.

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

The sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus are ________.

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

Microsporidians are considered parasitic because of the ability to penetrate their host cells using ________.

Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships involving fungi living between the cells in plant leaves?

All fungi are ________.

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as ________.

The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are ________. I. composed of hyphae II. referred to as a mycelium III. usually underground

What is the major difference between Bromus erectus (graph f) and the other plant species (graphs a-d) included in the study?

The question(s) below refer to the following phylogenetic trees. -Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus?

Fungi that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter are called ________.

Fungi with hyphae ________.

In graph (b) in the accompanying figure, which of the following best explains the data given about Lotus corniculatus?

What is the major distinguishing characteristic of fungi?

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this?

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?

The question(s) below refer to the following phylogenetic trees. -Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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