Question 1

Which one of the following processes in a developing embryo is a prerequisite for all of the other processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  organogenesis 
B)  cell differentiation 
C)  mitosis 
D)  germ layer formation 
A)  organogenesis 
B)  cell differentiation 
C)  mitosis 
D)  germ layer formation C

Question 2

Suppose there was a mutation in the segment-polarity genes of Drosophila. What do you suppose might be the outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Several segments of the embryo will be missing. 
B)  Every other segment of the embryo will be missing. 
C)  Legs will appear in the place of antennae. 
D)  Antennae will appear in a different part of their usual segment. 
A)  Several segments of the embryo will be missing. 
B)  Every other segment of the embryo will be missing. 
C)  Legs will appear in the place of antennae. 
D)  Antennae will appear in a different part of their usual segment. D

Question 3

Which of the following likely has the most Hox genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  jellyfish 
B)  slugs 
C)  dolphins 
D)  bees 
A)  jellyfish 
B)  slugs 
C)  dolphins 
D)  bees C

Question 4

The protein of the bicoid gene in Drosophila determines the ________ of the embryo.

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior-posterior axis 
B)  anterior-lateral axis 
C)  posterior-dorsal axis 
D)  posterior-ventral axis 
A)  anterior-posterior axis 
B)  anterior-lateral axis 
C)  posterior-dorsal axis 
D)  posterior-ventral axis

Question 5

You are interested in studying a receptor and decide to make a knockout mouse. However, you notice severe developmental defects that result in embryonic lethality in this receptor knockout. Which developmental process is most likely affected when you disrupt a receptor on the cell surface, disrupting its ability to receive a signal and initiate a transduction pathway?

Accepted Answer

A)  cell proliferation 
B)  cell-cell interactions 
C)  cell differentiation 
D)  cell movement 
E)  apoptosis 
A)  cell proliferation 
B)  cell-cell interactions 
C)  cell differentiation 
D)  cell movement 
E)  apoptosis

Question 6

Your brother has just purchased a new plastic model airplane. He places all the parts on the table in approximately the positions in which they will be located when the model is complete. His actions are analogous to which process in development?

Accepted Answer

A)  morphogenesis 
B)  determination 
C)  induction 
D)  differentiation 
E)  pattern formation 
A)  morphogenesis 
B)  determination 
C)  induction 
D)  differentiation 
E)  pattern formation

Question 7

Why is Caenorhabditis elegans an appropriate model organism for studying developmental processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  C. elegans does not undergo programmed cell death. 
B)  C. elegans have meristems, regions that contain many stem cells. 
C)  C. elegans is transparent and has only about 1000 cells, allowing the cells to be followed during development. 
D)  C. elegans has millions of cells but can be easily mutated to have no gastrulation. 
E)  C. elegans has genes that are completely unique from mice and humans. 
A)  C. elegans does not undergo programmed cell death. 
B)  C. elegans have meristems, regions that contain many stem cells. 
C)  C. elegans is transparent and has only about 1000 cells, allowing the cells to be followed during development. 
D)  C. elegans has millions of cells but can be easily mutated to have no gastrulation. 
E)  C. elegans has genes that are completely unique from mice and humans.

Question 8

In combination, the products of gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segmentation-polarity genes ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  trigger the reorganization of the larval body into an adult body 
B)  define the segmented body plan of the embryo 
C)  set up the back-to-belly axis of the larval body 
D)  direct cell movements during differentiation 
A)  trigger the reorganization of the larval body into an adult body 
B)  define the segmented body plan of the embryo 
C)  set up the back-to-belly axis of the larval body 
D)  direct cell movements during differentiation

Question 9

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tissue layers during ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  determination 
B)  cleavage 
C)  fertilization 
D)  induction 
E)  gastrulation 
A)  determination 
B)  cleavage 
C)  fertilization 
D)  induction 
E)  gastrulation

Question 10

The functioning of enhancers is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  transcriptional control of gene expression 
B)  a post-transcriptional mechanism to regulate mRNA 
C)  the stimulation of translation by initiation factors 
D)  post-translational control that activates certain proteins 
E)  a eukaryotic equivalent of prokaryotic promoter functioning 
A)  transcriptional control of gene expression 
B)  a post-transcriptional mechanism to regulate mRNA 
C)  the stimulation of translation by initiation factors 
D)  post-translational control that activates certain proteins 
E)  a eukaryotic equivalent of prokaryotic promoter functioning

Question 11

Suppose the pair-rule genes were inactivated in Drosophila embryos. What is the likely result of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  The embryos would develop normally. 
B)  The embryos would lack several segments. 
C)  The embryos would have impaired anterior-posterior polarity. 
D)  The embryos would have missing alternate segments. 
A)  The embryos would develop normally. 
B)  The embryos would lack several segments. 
C)  The embryos would have impaired anterior-posterior polarity. 
D)  The embryos would have missing alternate segments.

Question 12

Gap genes, segment-polarity genes, and homeotic genes all ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  act independently of one another 
B)  code for transcription regulatory factors 
C)  can be activated at any time during development 
D)  are unique to Drosophila embryos 
A)  act independently of one another 
B)  code for transcription regulatory factors 
C)  can be activated at any time during development 
D)  are unique to Drosophila embryos

Question 13

Gene expression in developing organisms is regulated on several different levels. In many developing animals, regulation of gene expression is influenced by the action of Hox genes. Which of the following regulatory elements is produced by many Hox genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  transcriptional factors 
B)  cell-surface molecules for cell-cell interactions 
C)  signals from maternal cytoplasm, such as bicoid 
D)  mRNA processing factors 
A)  transcriptional factors 
B)  cell-surface molecules for cell-cell interactions 
C)  signals from maternal cytoplasm, such as bicoid 
D)  mRNA processing factors

Question 14

During gastrulation, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the neural tube forms 
B)  the blastula forms 
C)  somites form 
D)  three germ layers form 
A)  the neural tube forms 
B)  the blastula forms 
C)  somites form 
D)  three germ layers form

Question 15

When we compare animal development to plant development, we find that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  plant cells, but not animal cells, migrate during morphogenesis 
B)  animal cells, but not plant cells, migrate during morphogenesis 
C)  plant cells and animal cells migrate extensively during morphogenesis 
D)  neither plant cells nor animal cells migrate during morphogenesis 
A)  plant cells, but not animal cells, migrate during morphogenesis 
B)  animal cells, but not plant cells, migrate during morphogenesis 
C)  plant cells and animal cells migrate extensively during morphogenesis 
D)  neither plant cells nor animal cells migrate during morphogenesis

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional control of gene expression?

Accepted Answer

A)  the addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases of DNA 
B)  the binding of transcription factors to a promoter 
C)  the removal of introns and alternative splicing of exons 
D)  gene amplification contributing to cancer 
E)  the folding of DNA to form heterochromatin 
A)  the addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases of DNA 
B)  the binding of transcription factors to a promoter 
C)  the removal of introns and alternative splicing of exons 
D)  gene amplification contributing to cancer 
E)  the folding of DNA to form heterochromatin

Question 17

During Drosophila development, there is a regulatory cascade of gene activation. The proper sequence for this cascade is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  bicoid, gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment-polarity genes 
B)  bicoid, pair-rule genes, gap genes, and segment-polarity genes 
C)  bicoid, segment-polarity genes, gap genes, and pair-rule genes 
D)  bicoid, gap genes, segment-polarity genes, and pair-rule genes 
A)  bicoid, gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment-polarity genes 
B)  bicoid, pair-rule genes, gap genes, and segment-polarity genes 
C)  bicoid, segment-polarity genes, gap genes, and pair-rule genes 
D)  bicoid, gap genes, segment-polarity genes, and pair-rule genes

Question 18

Cell differentiation always involves ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the production of tissue-specific proteins, such as muscle actin 
B)  the movement of cells 
C)  the transcription of the myoD gene 
D)  the selective loss of certain genes from the genome 
E)  the cell's sensitivity to environmental cues, such as light or heat 
A)  the production of tissue-specific proteins, such as muscle actin 
B)  the movement of cells 
C)  the transcription of the myoD gene 
D)  the selective loss of certain genes from the genome 
E)  the cell's sensitivity to environmental cues, such as light or heat

Question 19

Suppose you found several Drosophila mutants that possessed additional legs growing out of their head segments. The probable mutation would be found in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  segment-polarity genes 
B)  gap genes 
C)  pair-rule genes 
D)  homeotic genes 
A)  segment-polarity genes 
B)  gap genes 
C)  pair-rule genes 
D)  homeotic genes

Question 20

Which of the following is TRUE of the cloning experiment that resulted in Dolly the sheep?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dolly was genetically identical to the egg-cell donor. 
B)  Dolly was cloned by fusing an egg with an embryonic stem cell. 
C)  Dolly was infertile, which indicated incomplete nuclear reprogramming. 
D)  Dolly was cloned by using a differentiated cell fused to an egg from another breed of sheep. 
E)  Dolly was cloned by fusing the nuclei from two separate eggs harvested from the same individual. 
A)  Dolly was genetically identical to the egg-cell donor. 
B)  Dolly was cloned by fusing an egg with an embryonic stem cell. 
C)  Dolly was infertile, which indicated incomplete nuclear reprogramming. 
D)  Dolly was cloned by using a differentiated cell fused to an egg from another breed of sheep. 
E)  Dolly was cloned by fusing the nuclei from two separate eggs harvested from the same individual.

Exam 21: Genes, Development, and Evolution

Which one of the following processes in a developing embryo is a prerequisite for all of the other processes?

Suppose there was a mutation in the segment-polarity genes of Drosophila. What do you suppose might be the outcome?

Which of the following likely has the most Hox genes?

The protein of the bicoid gene in Drosophila determines the ________ of the embryo.

Your brother has just purchased a new plastic model airplane. He places all the parts on the table in approximately the positions in which they will be located when the model is complete. His actions are analogous to which process in development?

Why is Caenorhabditis elegans an appropriate model organism for studying developmental processes?

In combination, the products of gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segmentation-polarity genes ________.

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ-tissue layers during ________.

The functioning of enhancers is an example of ________.

Suppose the pair-rule genes were inactivated in Drosophila embryos. What is the likely result of the experiment?

Gap genes, segment-polarity genes, and homeotic genes all ________.

Gene expression in developing organisms is regulated on several different levels. In many developing animals, regulation of gene expression is influenced by the action of Hox genes. Which of the following regulatory elements is produced by many Hox genes?

During gastrulation, ________.

When we compare animal development to plant development, we find that ________.

Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional control of gene expression?

During Drosophila development, there is a regulatory cascade of gene activation. The proper sequence for this cascade is ________.

Cell differentiation always involves ________.

Suppose you found several Drosophila mutants that possessed additional legs growing out of their head segments. The probable mutation would be found in ________.

Which of the following is TRUE of the cloning experiment that resulted in Dolly the sheep?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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