Question 1

Which of the following mechanisms contributes to osmoregulation in both marine and freshwater bony fish?

Accepted Answer

A)  gain of water through the gills via osmosis 
B)  gain of salt through the gills via active transport 
C)  loss of salt through the gills via diffusion 
D)  excretion of hyperosmotic urine 
E)  gain of water through food 
A)  gain of water through the gills via osmosis 
B)  gain of salt through the gills via active transport 
C)  loss of salt through the gills via diffusion 
D)  excretion of hyperosmotic urine 
E)  gain of water through food

Question 2

Birds that live in marine environments, and thus lack access to fresh drinking water, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  osmoregulate without using a transport epithelium for this purpose 
B)  drink seawater and secrete excess ions through their kidneys only 
C)  drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands 
D)  have plasma that is isoosmotic to ocean water 
E)  obtain water by eating only osmoregulating prey 
A)  osmoregulate without using a transport epithelium for this purpose 
B)  drink seawater and secrete excess ions through their kidneys only 
C)  drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands 
D)  have plasma that is isoosmotic to ocean water 
E)  obtain water by eating only osmoregulating prey

Question 3

A human who has no access to freshwater but is forced to drink seawater instead will ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life 
B)  excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion 
C)  develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload 
D)  find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst 
E)  risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours 
A)  thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life 
B)  excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion 
C)  develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload 
D)  find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst 
E)  risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours

Question 4

Among vertebrate animals, urea is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  made in the kidneys and immediately excreted 
B)  added to the air in the lungs to be exhaled, along with carbon dioxide 
C)  made in the liver by combining ammonia molecules or amino groups. 
D)  made in the pancreas and added to the intestinal contents, along with bile salts, for excretion 
E)  rarely the nitrogenous waste 
A)  made in the kidneys and immediately excreted 
B)  added to the air in the lungs to be exhaled, along with carbon dioxide 
C)  made in the liver by combining ammonia molecules or amino groups. 
D)  made in the pancreas and added to the intestinal contents, along with bile salts, for excretion 
E)  rarely the nitrogenous waste

Question 5

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  urea can be exchanged for Na+ 
B)  urea is less toxic than ammonia 
C)  urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia 
D)  urea does not affect the osmolar gradient 
E)  less nitrogen is removed from the body 
A)  urea can be exchanged for Na+ 
B)  urea is less toxic than ammonia 
C)  urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia 
D)  urea does not affect the osmolar gradient 
E)  less nitrogen is removed from the body

Question 6

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  the proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  the loop of Henle 
C)  the collecting duct 
D)  Bowman's capsule 
A)  the proximal convoluted tubule 
B)  the loop of Henle 
C)  the collecting duct 
D)  Bowman's capsule

Question 7

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the concentration gradient; ADP 
B)  the concentration gradient; ATP 
C)  transmembrane pumps; electron transport 
D)  phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP 
A)  the concentration gradient; ADP 
B)  the concentration gradient; ATP 
C)  transmembrane pumps; electron transport 
D)  phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

Question 8

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated 
B)  differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient 
C)  the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification 
D)  additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle 
A)  absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated 
B)  differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient 
C)  the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification 
D)  additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle

Question 9

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  protonephridia 
B)  metanephridia 
C)  Malpighian tubules 
D)  nephrons 
E)  ananephredia 
A)  protonephridia 
B)  metanephridia 
C)  Malpighian tubules 
D)  nephrons 
E)  ananephredia

Question 10

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  wet rain forest 
B)  desert 
C)  prairie 
D)  chaparral 
A)  wet rain forest 
B)  desert 
C)  prairie 
D)  chaparral

Question 11

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ammonia 
B)  ammonium 
C)  urea 
D)  uric acid 
A)  ammonia 
B)  ammonium 
C)  urea 
D)  uric acid

Question 12

A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Water would be forced out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules through an osmotic gradient. 
B)  The potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement. 
C)  There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules. 
D)  Water would be conserved, forming a hypertonic solution in the Malpighian tubules. 
A)  Water would be forced out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules through an osmotic gradient. 
B)  The potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement. 
C)  There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules. 
D)  Water would be conserved, forming a hypertonic solution in the Malpighian tubules.

Question 13

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)  The kidneys require a constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. 
B)  The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney, and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. 
C)  The kidneys require higher-than-normal levels of hormones. 
D)  The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys. 
A)  The kidneys require a constant and abnormally high oxygen supply to function. 
B)  The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney, and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys. 
C)  The kidneys require higher-than-normal levels of hormones. 
D)  The renal artery and vein are the main pathways regulating how much is produced by the kidneys.

Question 14

Osmoregulation in the Shark
-The interstitial fluid concentration of three electrolytes is compared with the concentration of these electrolytes in fluid eliminated from the shark rectal gland as indicated in the accompanying table. Based on these data, which of the following is a likely function of the rectal gland?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rectal gland eliminates metabolic waste. 
B)  The rectal gland is able to concentrate Na+, K+, and Cl−. 
C)  The rectal gland stores only anions. 
D)  The rectal gland is the only site of osmoregulation in the shark. 
A)  The rectal gland eliminates metabolic waste. 
B)  The rectal gland is able to concentrate Na+, K+, and Cl−. 
C)  The rectal gland stores only anions. 
D)  The rectal gland is the only site of osmoregulation in the shark.

Question 15

What role do chloride cells play in osmoregulation of marine bony fishes?

Accepted Answer

A)  They actively transport chloride into the gills. 
B)  They mediate the movement of salt from seawater through their gills. 
C)  They are involved in excretion of excess salt. 
D)  They actively transport salt across the basolateral membrane of the rectal gland. 
A)  They actively transport chloride into the gills. 
B)  They mediate the movement of salt from seawater through their gills. 
C)  They are involved in excretion of excess salt. 
D)  They actively transport salt across the basolateral membrane of the rectal gland.

Question 16

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  hypoosmotic 
C)  isoosmotic 
D)  hyperosmotic and isoosmotic 
E)  hypoosmotic and isoosmotic 
A)  hyperosmotic 
B)  hypoosmotic 
C)  isoosmotic 
D)  hyperosmotic and isoosmotic 
E)  hypoosmotic and isoosmotic

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Accepted Answer

A)  ADH decreases the reabsorption of urea, creating a higher urea content in the urine. 
B)  ADH triggers the insertion of water channels called aquaporins, thereby reducing the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct. 
C)  ADH improves the reabsorption of glucose by the proximal convoluted tubule. 
D)  ADH triggers the insertion of water channels called aquaporins, thereby increasing the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct. 
E)  ADH alters the ion reabsorption by the loop of Henle. 
A)  ADH decreases the reabsorption of urea, creating a higher urea content in the urine. 
B)  ADH triggers the insertion of water channels called aquaporins, thereby reducing the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct. 
C)  ADH improves the reabsorption of glucose by the proximal convoluted tubule. 
D)  ADH triggers the insertion of water channels called aquaporins, thereby increasing the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting duct. 
E)  ADH alters the ion reabsorption by the loop of Henle.

Question 18

Insect Malpighian tubules form pre-urine, which is further processed by which of the following anatomical structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  hindgut 
B)  hemolymph 
C)  rectal gland 
D)  spiracles 
A)  hindgut 
B)  hemolymph 
C)  rectal gland 
D)  spiracles

Question 19

The shark rectal gland ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is involved in osmoregulation 
B)  is responsible for excretion of undigested residue 
C)  secretes a hypotonic solution 
D)  concentrates electrolytes necessary for homeostasis in a hypertonic environment 
A)  is involved in osmoregulation 
B)  is responsible for excretion of undigested residue 
C)  secretes a hypotonic solution 
D)  concentrates electrolytes necessary for homeostasis in a hypertonic environment

Question 20

Which structure in the mammalian kidney is responsible for maintaining the osmotic gradient in medulla of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A)  renal corpuscle 
B)  proximal tubule 
C)  loop of Henle 
D)  distal tubule 
E)  collecting duct 
A)  renal corpuscle 
B)  proximal tubule 
C)  loop of Henle 
D)  distal tubule 
E)  collecting duct

Exam 40: Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Which of the following mechanisms contributes to osmoregulation in both marine and freshwater bony fish?

Birds that live in marine environments, and thus lack access to fresh drinking water, ________.

A human who has no access to freshwater but is forced to drink seawater instead will ________.

Among vertebrate animals, urea is ________.

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________.

The products of filtration in the renal corpuscle enter the renal tubule through which of the following structures?

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________.

The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because ________.

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of ________.

Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is ________.

A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement?

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in mammals?

What role do chloride cells play in osmoregulation of marine bony fishes?

Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are ________.

Which of the following is a function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Insect Malpighian tubules form pre-urine, which is further processed by which of the following anatomical structures?

The shark rectal gland ________.

Which structure in the mammalian kidney is responsible for maintaining the osmotic gradient in medulla of the kidney?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

The force driving simple diffusion is , while the energy source for active transport is .