Question 1

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP 
B)  the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes 
C)  the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein 
D)  the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus 
A)  electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP 
B)  the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes 
C)  the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein 
D)  the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus

Question 2

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?

Accepted Answer

A)  An input of energy is required for transport. 
B)  Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. 
C)  There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. 
D)  Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane. 
A)  An input of energy is required for transport. 
B)  Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. 
C)  There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. 
D)  Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

Question 3

Urea is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  insoluble in water 
B)  more toxic to human cells than ammonia 
C)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans 
D)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds 
E)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates 
A)  insoluble in water 
B)  more toxic to human cells than ammonia 
C)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans 
D)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds 
E)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates

Question 4

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  starch and cellulose 
B)  triglycerides and steroids 
C)  proteins and nucleic acids 
D)  phospholipids and glycolipids 
E)  fatty acids and glycerol 
A)  starch and cellulose 
B)  triglycerides and steroids 
C)  proteins and nucleic acids 
D)  phospholipids and glycolipids 
E)  fatty acids and glycerol

Question 5

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater. The fish then migrate to the ocean (a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to freshwater to breed. How can these organisms make the transition from freshwater to ocean water and back to freshwater?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rectal gland functions in the ocean water, and chloride cells function in freshwater. 
B)  Different gill cells are involved in osmoregulation in freshwater than in salt water. 
C)  Salmon in freshwater excrete dilute urine, and salmon in salt water secrete concentrated urine. 
D)  Their metabolism changes in salt water to degrade electrolytes. 
A)  The rectal gland functions in the ocean water, and chloride cells function in freshwater. 
B)  Different gill cells are involved in osmoregulation in freshwater than in salt water. 
C)  Salmon in freshwater excrete dilute urine, and salmon in salt water secrete concentrated urine. 
D)  Their metabolism changes in salt water to degrade electrolytes.

Question 6

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, which of the following should you drink to ensure proper hydration?

Accepted Answer

A)  a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes 
B)  caffeinated beverages 
C)  bottled water kept at room temperature 
D)  bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible 
A)  a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes 
B)  caffeinated beverages 
C)  bottled water kept at room temperature 
D)  bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible

Question 7

Marine vertebrates are ________ to their environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  isotonic 
B)  hypotonic 
C)  hypertonic 
D)  osmotonic 
A)  isotonic 
B)  hypotonic 
C)  hypertonic 
D)  osmotonic

Question 8

A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in freshwater would likely show that it died because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions 
B)  it was so hypertonic to the freshwater that it could not osmoregulate 
C)  the sea star's kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the freshwater 
D)  its contractile vacuoles ruptured 
E)  its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize 
A)  it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions 
B)  it was so hypertonic to the freshwater that it could not osmoregulate 
C)  the sea star's kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the freshwater 
D)  its contractile vacuoles ruptured 
E)  its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize

Question 9

Osmoregulation in the Shark
-Refer to the accompanying table. Because the shark rectal gland functions only when ATP molecules are present, what can you infer about the movement of Na+, K+, and Cl−?

Accepted Answer

A)  Movement of these ions from circulation into the rectal gland is an active process. 
B)  Movement of these ions takes place from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 
C)  These ions move into the rectal gland down their concentration gradient. 
D)  The rectal gland is unable to concentrate these ions. 
A)  Movement of these ions from circulation into the rectal gland is an active process. 
B)  Movement of these ions takes place from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 
C)  These ions move into the rectal gland down their concentration gradient. 
D)  The rectal gland is unable to concentrate these ions.

Question 10

Through studies of insect Malpighian tubules, researchers found that K+ accumulated on the inner face of the tubule, against its concentration gradient. What can you infer about the mechanism of transport?

Accepted Answer

A)  Potassium transport is a passive process. 
B)  Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process. 
C)  Potassium moves out of the tubules at a faster rate than it moves into the lumen of the tubules. 
D)  Sodium ions will follow potassium ions. 
A)  Potassium transport is a passive process. 
B)  Movement of potassium into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules is an energy-requiring process. 
C)  Potassium moves out of the tubules at a faster rate than it moves into the lumen of the tubules. 
D)  Sodium ions will follow potassium ions.

Question 11

The accompanying figure shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d 
A)  a 
B)  b 
C)  c 
D)  d

Question 12

The Na+/Cl−/K+ cotransporter in the epithelial cells of the gills of bony fishes is found ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  on the basolateral membrane of freshwater and marine fishes 
B)  on the basolateral membrane of marine fishes and the apical membrane of freshwater fishes 
C)  on the basolateral membrane of freshwater fishes and the apical membrane of marine fishes 
D)  on the apical membrane of freshwater and marine fishes 
E)  only in larval fish 
A)  on the basolateral membrane of freshwater and marine fishes 
B)  on the basolateral membrane of marine fishes and the apical membrane of freshwater fishes 
C)  on the basolateral membrane of freshwater fishes and the apical membrane of marine fishes 
D)  on the apical membrane of freshwater and marine fishes 
E)  only in larval fish

Question 13

Water loss from a terrestrial insect's surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?

Accepted Answer

A)  chitin and the cuticle 
B)  tracheae and spiracles 
C)  a proteinaceous epidermis 
D)  a long alimentary canal 
A)  chitin and the cuticle 
B)  tracheae and spiracles 
C)  a proteinaceous epidermis 
D)  a long alimentary canal

Question 14

The filtrate formed in the renal corpuscle is analogous to the ________ formed in Malpighian tubules.

Accepted Answer

A)  hemolymph 
B)  pre-urine 
C)  uric acid 
D)  hypertonic solution 
A)  hemolymph 
B)  pre-urine 
C)  uric acid 
D)  hypertonic solution

Question 15

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration 
B)  ultrafiltration 
C)  selective reabsorption 
D)  secretion 
E)  excretion 
A)  filtration 
B)  ultrafiltration 
C)  selective reabsorption 
D)  secretion 
E)  excretion

Question 16

Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in these animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  To maintain homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels, the shark must take up additional sodium and chloride from seawater. 
B)  Sodium and chloride will diffuse into shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient. 
C)  Sharks conserve sodium and chloride, limiting excretion. 
D)  Sodium and chloride must be eliminated through the gills. 
A)  To maintain homeostasis of sodium and chloride levels, the shark must take up additional sodium and chloride from seawater. 
B)  Sodium and chloride will diffuse into shark gills from seawater down their concentration gradient. 
C)  Sharks conserve sodium and chloride, limiting excretion. 
D)  Sodium and chloride must be eliminated through the gills.

Question 17

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  earthworms 
B)  flatworms 
C)  insects 
D)  jellyfish 
E)  sea stars 
A)  earthworms 
B)  flatworms 
C)  insects 
D)  jellyfish 
E)  sea stars

Question 18

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  distilled water 
B)  plasma in birds 
C)  plasma in mammals 
D)  seawater in a tidal pool 
E)  estuarine water 
A)  distilled water 
B)  plasma in birds 
C)  plasma in mammals 
D)  seawater in a tidal pool 
E)  estuarine water

Question 19

Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  osmotic gradients created by ion pumps 
B)  selective absorptive processes that take place in the Malpighian tubules 
C)  ion concentration of hemolymph 
D)  osmoregulators in the rectal gland 
A)  osmotic gradients created by ion pumps 
B)  selective absorptive processes that take place in the Malpighian tubules 
C)  ion concentration of hemolymph 
D)  osmoregulators in the rectal gland

Question 20

Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  mice and birds 
B)  insects and birds 
C)  lions and horses 
D)  humans and frogs 
E)  fish and turtles 
A)  mice and birds 
B)  insects and birds 
C)  lions and horses 
D)  humans and frogs 
E)  fish and turtles

Exam 40: Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for ________.

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?

Urea is ________.

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of ________.

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater. The fish then migrate to the ocean (a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to freshwater to breed. How can these organisms make the transition from freshwater to ocean water and back to freshwater?

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, which of the following should you drink to ensure proper hydration?

Marine vertebrates are ________ to their environment.

A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in freshwater would likely show that it died because ________.

Osmoregulation in the Shark -Refer to the accompanying table. Because the shark rectal gland functions only when ATP molecules are present, what can you infer about the movement of Na+, K+, and Cl−?

Through studies of insect Malpighian tubules, researchers found that K+ accumulated on the inner face of the tubule, against its concentration gradient. What can you infer about the mechanism of transport?

The accompanying figure shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled ________.

The Na+/Cl−/K+ cotransporter in the epithelial cells of the gills of bony fishes is found ________.

Water loss from a terrestrial insect's surface is minimal due to which of the following structures?

The filtrate formed in the renal corpuscle is analogous to the ________ formed in Malpighian tubules.

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in these animals?

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in ________.

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is ________.

Reabsorption of water in the hindgut of insects is controlled by which of the following?

Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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