Question 1

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  vena cava 
B)  left atrium 
C)  right atrium 
D)  left ventricle 
E)  right ventricle 
A)  vena cava 
B)  left atrium 
C)  right atrium 
D)  left ventricle 
E)  right ventricle

Question 2

Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  in their specialized external gills 
B)  in their specialized internal gills 
C)  in the alveoli of their lungs 
D)  across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes 
E)  across all parts of their thin cuticular exoskeleton 
A)  in their specialized external gills 
B)  in their specialized internal gills 
C)  in the alveoli of their lungs 
D)  across the finest branches of the trachea and cell membranes 
E)  across all parts of their thin cuticular exoskeleton

Question 3

The oxygen content of water increases linearly with an increase in oxygen partial pressure, whereas the oxygen content of blood increases in a sigmoidal (S-shaped) fashion. Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carbonic anhydrase contributes to carbon dioxide release in blood, but not water. 
B)  The Bohr shift is stronger in water than in blood. 
C)  Hemoglobin shows cooperative oxygen binding. 
D)  Oxygen is transported equally by hemoglobin and blood plasma. 
A)  Carbonic anhydrase contributes to carbon dioxide release in blood, but not water. 
B)  The Bohr shift is stronger in water than in blood. 
C)  Hemoglobin shows cooperative oxygen binding. 
D)  Oxygen is transported equally by hemoglobin and blood plasma.

Question 4

Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases? The amount of oxygen in ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  arterial blood would increase 
B)  arterial blood would decrease 
C)  venous blood would increase 
D)  venous blood would decrease 
A)  arterial blood would increase 
B)  arterial blood would decrease 
C)  venous blood would increase 
D)  venous blood would decrease

Question 5

What adaptations are observed in trachea and lungs to reduce water loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  A countercurrent exchange system reduces water loss in animals with either trachea or lungs. 
B)  The location of the trachea and lungs (inside of the body) reduces water loss. 
C)  Trachea and lungs secrete specialized oxygen-carrying chemicals to reduce water loss. 
D)  Limbs are used by animals with trachea or lungs to move water over these structures. 
A)  A countercurrent exchange system reduces water loss in animals with either trachea or lungs. 
B)  The location of the trachea and lungs (inside of the body) reduces water loss. 
C)  Trachea and lungs secrete specialized oxygen-carrying chemicals to reduce water loss. 
D)  Limbs are used by animals with trachea or lungs to move water over these structures.

Question 6

Some bird bones are hollow rather than honeycombed. The hollow bones mostly contain air sacs. The replacement of bone marrow with air sacs is properly understood as an adaptation that ________.
1) reduces the weight of the bird
2) facilitates flight
3) eliminates the functions of bone marrow

Accepted Answer

A)  only 1 
B)  only 2 
C)  only 3 
D)  1 and 2 
E)  1, 2, and 3 
A)  only 1 
B)  only 2 
C)  only 3 
D)  1 and 2 
E)  1, 2, and 3

Question 7

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills 
B)  blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae 
C)  air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins 
D)  water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart 
A)  water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills 
B)  blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae 
C)  air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins 
D)  water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart

Question 8

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  low-density lipoproteins 
B)  immunoglobulins 
C)  erythropoietin 
D)  epinephrine 
E)  platelets 
A)  low-density lipoproteins 
B)  immunoglobulins 
C)  erythropoietin 
D)  epinephrine 
E)  platelets

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation?

Accepted Answer

A)  the movement of oxygen gas through the blood of the circulatory system 
B)  the movement of carbon dioxide gas through the blood of the circulatory system 
C)  the movement of the respiratory medium past the respiratory surface 
D)  the diffusion of gases into and out of the circulatory system 
E)  the diffusion of gases into and out of tissues where cellular respiration occurs 
A)  the movement of oxygen gas through the blood of the circulatory system 
B)  the movement of carbon dioxide gas through the blood of the circulatory system 
C)  the movement of the respiratory medium past the respiratory surface 
D)  the diffusion of gases into and out of the circulatory system 
E)  the diffusion of gases into and out of tissues where cellular respiration occurs

Question 10

Myocardial infarction occurs when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  arteries harden or lose their elasticity 
B)  the electrical control of the heart leads to an elevated heart rate 
C)  the heart stops 
D)  blockage of blood vessels prevents adequate blood flow to the heart 
A)  arteries harden or lose their elasticity 
B)  the electrical control of the heart leads to an elevated heart rate 
C)  the heart stops 
D)  blockage of blood vessels prevents adequate blood flow to the heart

Question 11

The fluid that is moved by in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  digestive juices 
B)  hemolymph 
C)  blood plasma 
D)  cytosol 
A)  digestive juices 
B)  hemolymph 
C)  blood plasma 
D)  cytosol

Question 12

An animal has a cardiac output of 40 mL/min (milliliters per minute) and a stroke volume of 5 mL. What is its heart rate?

Accepted Answer

A)  8 beats/minute 
B)  200 beats/minute 
C)  12.5 beats/minute 
D)  Heart rate cannot be determined with only these two variables. 
A)  8 beats/minute 
B)  200 beats/minute 
C)  12.5 beats/minute 
D)  Heart rate cannot be determined with only these two variables.

Question 13

Pulse is a direct measure of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  blood pressure 
B)  stroke volume 
C)  cardiac output 
D)  heart rate 
E)  breathing rate 
A)  blood pressure 
B)  stroke volume 
C)  cardiac output 
D)  heart rate 
E)  breathing rate

Exam 42: Gas Exchange and Circulation

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the ________.

Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange ________.

The oxygen content of water increases linearly with an increase in oxygen partial pressure, whereas the oxygen content of blood increases in a sigmoidal (S-shaped) fashion. Why?

Which of the following events would be predicted by the Bohr shift effect as the amount of carbon dioxide released from your tissues into the blood capillaries increases? The amount of oxygen in ________.

What adaptations are observed in trachea and lungs to reduce water loss?

Some bird bones are hollow rather than honeycombed. The hollow bones mostly contain air sacs. The replacement of bone marrow with air sacs is properly understood as an adaptation that ________. 1) reduces the weight of the bird 2) facilitates flight 3) eliminates the functions of bone marrow

Countercurrent exchange is evident in the flow of ________.

Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased ________.

Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation?

Myocardial infarction occurs when ________.

The fluid that is moved by in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is ________.

An animal has a cardiac output of 40 mL/min (milliliters per minute) and a stroke volume of 5 mL. What is its heart rate?

Pulse is a direct measure of ________.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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