Question 1

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increased aldosterone production 
B)  increased blood pressure 
C)  inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
D)  increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule 
E)  the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity 
A)  increased aldosterone production 
B)  increased blood pressure 
C)  inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
D)  increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule 
E)  the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity

Question 2

Which of the following statements is (are) correct?
I. Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
II. Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function.
III. Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands.
IV. Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and II 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and III 
D)  only III and IV 
E)  only I and IV 
A)  only I and II 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and III 
D)  only III and IV 
E)  only I and IV

Question 3

During a stressful interval, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine 
B)  the alpha cells of islets secrete insulin and simultaneously the beta cells of the islets secrete glucagon 
C)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla 
D)  the posterior pituitary gland secretes more growth hormones 
E)  the calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine 
A)  thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine 
B)  the alpha cells of islets secrete insulin and simultaneously the beta cells of the islets secrete glucagon 
C)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla 
D)  the posterior pituitary gland secretes more growth hormones 
E)  the calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 4

An example of two hormones that have opposite effects in maintaining homeostasis is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance 
B)  insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism 
C)  progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation 
D)  epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses 
E)  oxytocin and prolactin in milk production 
A)  thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance 
B)  insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism 
C)  progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation 
D)  epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses 
E)  oxytocin and prolactin in milk production

Question 5

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in a ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  neuron in the spinal cord 
B)  steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex 
C)  neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus 
D)  brain cell in the cerebral cortex 
E)  cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes 
A)  neuron in the spinal cord 
B)  steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex 
C)  neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus 
D)  brain cell in the cerebral cortex 
E)  cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes

Question 6

Oxytocin helps initiate labor in mammals. During labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles increases the release of oxytocin. This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a negative feedback system 
B)  a hormone that acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone 
C)  a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop 
D)  signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells 
E)  the key role of the anterior pituitary gland in regulating uterine contraction 
A)  a negative feedback system 
B)  a hormone that acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone 
C)  a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop 
D)  signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells 
E)  the key role of the anterior pituitary gland in regulating uterine contraction

Question 7

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  glucagon 
B)  cortisol 
C)  epinephrine 
D)  thyroxine 
E)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
A)  glucagon 
B)  cortisol 
C)  epinephrine 
D)  thyroxine 
E)  adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 8

If a biochemist discovers a new molecule, which of the following pieces of data would allow her to draw the conclusion that the molecule is a steroid hormone?
I. The molecule is lipid soluble.
II. The molecule is derived from a series of steps beginning with cholesterol.
III. The molecule acts at a target tissue some distance from where it is produced.
IV. The molecule uses a carrier protein when in an aqueous solution such as blood.

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and III 
B)  only II and IV 
C)  only I, III, and IV 
D)  only II and III 
E)  I, II, III, and IV 
A)  only I and III 
B)  only II and IV 
C)  only I, III, and IV 
D)  only II and III 
E)  I, II, III, and IV

Question 9

Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human?

Accepted Answer

A)  adrenal glands 
B)  pituitary gland 
C)  thyroid gland 
D)  ovaries (in female) or testes (in male) 
A)  adrenal glands 
B)  pituitary gland 
C)  thyroid gland 
D)  ovaries (in female) or testes (in male)

Question 10

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  prolactin and calcitonin 
B)  prolactin and oxytocin 
C)  follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone 
D)  luteinizing hormone and oxytocin 
E)  prolactin and luteinizing hormone 
A)  prolactin and calcitonin 
B)  prolactin and oxytocin 
C)  follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone 
D)  luteinizing hormone and oxytocin 
E)  prolactin and luteinizing hormone

Question 11

Xenoestrogens are an example of what group of chemicals described by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring?

Accepted Answer

A)  glucocorticoids 
B)  sex hormones 
C)  endocrine disruptors 
D)  stress hormones 
E)  mineralcorticoids 
A)  glucocorticoids 
B)  sex hormones 
C)  endocrine disruptors 
D)  stress hormones 
E)  mineralcorticoids

Question 12

A physician finds that a 9-year-old male patient is entering puberty much earlier than is usual. Such a condition is most likely the result of a tumor in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus, directly producing elevated levels of testosterone 
B)  anterior pituitary, directly producing elevated levels of testosterone 
C)  testes, directly producing elevated levels of estrogen 
D)  anterior pituitary, directly producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone 
A)  hypothalamus, directly producing elevated levels of testosterone 
B)  anterior pituitary, directly producing elevated levels of testosterone 
C)  testes, directly producing elevated levels of estrogen 
D)  anterior pituitary, directly producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone

Question 13

During puberty, the development of sex-specific traits results from a surge of ________ in boys and ________ and girls.

Accepted Answer

A)  testosterone; cortisol 
B)  juvenile hormone; estradiol 
C)  estradiol; ecdysone 
D)  testosterone; estradiol 
E)  male growth hormone; female growth hormone 
A)  testosterone; cortisol 
B)  juvenile hormone; estradiol 
C)  estradiol; ecdysone 
D)  testosterone; estradiol 
E)  male growth hormone; female growth hormone

Question 14

Epinephrine activates ________ leading to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  aquaporin activity; increased reabsorption of water 
B)  the thyroid gland; increased metabolism 
C)  hormone production by the testes; development of secondary sex characteristics 
D)  a cAMP signal cascade; increased blood glucose 
E)  reduced activity by the anterior pituitary; reduced growth 
A)  aquaporin activity; increased reabsorption of water 
B)  the thyroid gland; increased metabolism 
C)  hormone production by the testes; development of secondary sex characteristics 
D)  a cAMP signal cascade; increased blood glucose 
E)  reduced activity by the anterior pituitary; reduced growth

Question 15

The release of hormones by the posterior pituitary is the result of what process?

Accepted Answer

A)  The anterior pituitary regulates the activity of the posterior pituitary gland. 
B)  The release of regulatory hormones increases activity in the adrenal medulla, altering the activity of the posterior pituitary. 
C)  Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus directly release hormones into blood vessels within the posterior pituitary. 
D)  Hypothalamic neurons form synapses on the adrenal gland, which in turn regulates the pituitary. 
E)  Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus directs the production and release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. 
A)  The anterior pituitary regulates the activity of the posterior pituitary gland. 
B)  The release of regulatory hormones increases activity in the adrenal medulla, altering the activity of the posterior pituitary. 
C)  Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus directly release hormones into blood vessels within the posterior pituitary. 
D)  Hypothalamic neurons form synapses on the adrenal gland, which in turn regulates the pituitary. 
E)  Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus directs the production and release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary.

Question 16

If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior pituitary 
B)  posterior pituitary 
C)  adrenal gland 
D)  bladder 
E)  kidney 
A)  anterior pituitary 
B)  posterior pituitary 
C)  adrenal gland 
D)  bladder 
E)  kidney

Question 17

In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons?

Accepted Answer

A)  to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system 
B)  to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it with an external electrical probe 
C)  to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more easily studied 
D)  to numb the organ so that it can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal 
A)  to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system 
B)  to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it with an external electrical probe 
C)  to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more easily studied 
D)  to numb the organ so that it can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal

Question 18

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?

Accepted Answer

A)  the pituitary gland 
B)  parathyroid glands 
C)  salivary glands 
D)  the pancreas 
E)  adrenal glands 
A)  the pituitary gland 
B)  parathyroid glands 
C)  salivary glands 
D)  the pancreas 
E)  adrenal glands

Question 19

The effects of the hormone ecdysone on development in insects depend on the levels of which hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  thyroxine 
B)  juvenile hormone 
C)  oxytocin 
D)  brain hormone 
E)  prothoracic hormone 
A)  thyroxine 
B)  juvenile hormone 
C)  oxytocin 
D)  brain hormone 
E)  prothoracic hormone

Question 20

Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a cell would come from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
B)  injecting a molecule of hormone X into the cytoplasm of the cell 
C)  applying a molecule of cAMP to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
D)  injecting a molecule of cAMP into the cytoplasm of the cell 
E)  injecting a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase into the cytoplasm of the cell 
A)  applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
B)  injecting a molecule of hormone X into the cytoplasm of the cell 
C)  applying a molecule of cAMP to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell 
D)  injecting a molecule of cAMP into the cytoplasm of the cell 
E)  injecting a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase into the cytoplasm of the cell

Exam 46: Chemical Signals in Animals

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of ________.

During a stressful interval, ________.

An example of two hormones that have opposite effects in maintaining homeostasis is ________.

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in a ________.

Oxytocin helps initiate labor in mammals. During labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles increases the release of oxytocin. This is an example of ________.

In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone ________.

Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human?

In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are ________.

Xenoestrogens are an example of what group of chemicals described by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring?

A physician finds that a 9-year-old male patient is entering puberty much earlier than is usual. Such a condition is most likely the result of a tumor in the ________.

During puberty, the development of sex-specific traits results from a surge of ________ in boys and ________ and girls.

Epinephrine activates ________ leading to ________.

The release of hormones by the posterior pituitary is the result of what process?

If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the ________.

In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons?

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?

The effects of the hormone ecdysone on development in insects depend on the levels of which hormone?

Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a cell would come from ________.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

During puberty, the development of sex-specific traits results from a surge of in boys and and girls.

Epinephrine activates leading to .