Question 1

Drugs are reinforcing when

Accepted Answer

A)  they cause good feelings. 
B)  there is a long interval between a response and the drug onset. 
C)  the drug onset is slow and steady. 
D)  they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism. 
E)  the drug has an extremely delayed onset of action. 
A)  they cause good feelings. 
B)  there is a long interval between a response and the drug onset. 
C)  the drug onset is slow and steady. 
D)  they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism. 
E)  the drug has an extremely delayed onset of action.

Question 2

Early changes in the brain during exposure to addictive drugs involves the insertion of ________ receptors into neuron membranes located within the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  GABA; hippocampus 
B)  D2; nucleus accumbens 
C)  AMPA; VTA 
D)  glycine; VTA 
E)  AMPA; amygdala 
A)  GABA; hippocampus 
B)  D2; nucleus accumbens 
C)  AMPA; VTA 
D)  glycine; VTA 
E)  AMPA; amygdala

Question 3

Compare and contrast negative reinforcement with punishment.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement refers to a situa

Question 4

Research on the genetics of drug dependence indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  alcoholism and smoking are independent diseases. 
B)  alcoholism and smoking share common genetic factors. 
C)  smokers are high in status and achievement, but low in sensation seeking. 
D)  alcoholics are high in status and achievement, but low in sensation seeking. 
E)  environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in drug abuse. 
A)  alcoholism and smoking are independent diseases. 
B)  alcoholism and smoking share common genetic factors. 
C)  smokers are high in status and achievement, but low in sensation seeking. 
D)  alcoholics are high in status and achievement, but low in sensation seeking. 
E)  environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in drug abuse.

Question 5

Alcohol use produces negative reinforcement by

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulating the emesis center in the brainstem. 
B)  activation of dopamine receptors within the VTA. 
C)  loosening of inhibitions. 
D)  activation of a hypothalamic satiety mechanism. 
E)  the relief of anxiety. 
A)  stimulating the emesis center in the brainstem. 
B)  activation of dopamine receptors within the VTA. 
C)  loosening of inhibitions. 
D)  activation of a hypothalamic satiety mechanism. 
E)  the relief of anxiety.

Question 6

The drug rimonabant

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulates CB2 receptors in the brain. 
B)  facilitates nicotine self-administration in rats. 
C)  increases the release of dopamine with the nucleus accumbens. 
D)  blocks nicotine receptors. 
E)  diminishes craving for smoking during smoking cessation. 
A)  stimulates CB2 receptors in the brain. 
B)  facilitates nicotine self-administration in rats. 
C)  increases the release of dopamine with the nucleus accumbens. 
D)  blocks nicotine receptors. 
E)  diminishes craving for smoking during smoking cessation.

Question 7

Microdialysis studies indicate that administration of ________ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Accepted Answer

A)  alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine 
B)  glycine 
C)  caffeine 
D)  LSD 
E)  GABA antagonists 
A)  alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine 
B)  glycine 
C)  caffeine 
D)  LSD 
E)  GABA antagonists

Question 8

Explain how drugs of abuse may act via the same substrate engaged by natural rewards.

Accepted Answer

The mesolimbic dopamine system terminate

Question 9

The experience of stress has been found to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats. 
B)  reduce the high produced by cocaine. 
C)  render rats resistant to the reinforcing effects of cocaine. 
D)  block the craving for cocaine in abstinent addicts. 
E)  inactivate orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. 
A)  increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats. 
B)  reduce the high produced by cocaine. 
C)  render rats resistant to the reinforcing effects of cocaine. 
D)  block the craving for cocaine in abstinent addicts. 
E)  inactivate orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 10

The ability of THC to produce a "high" seems to be related to

Accepted Answer

A)  activation of the CB1 receptor. 
B)  inhibition of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens. 
C)  inactivation of GABA neurons in the cortex. 
D)  inactivation of the CB1 receptor. 
E)  release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. 
A)  activation of the CB1 receptor. 
B)  inhibition of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens. 
C)  inactivation of GABA neurons in the cortex. 
D)  inactivation of the CB1 receptor. 
E)  release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

Question 11

Which of the following is an explanation of why drug addicts prefer heroin over morphine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heroin is cheaper than morphine. 
B)  Morphine enters brain faster than does morphine. 
C)  Heroin is less lipid-soluble than is morphine. 
D)  Heroin exerts effects on the brain faster than does morphine. 
E)  Morphine is cheaper than heroin. 
A)  Heroin is cheaper than morphine. 
B)  Morphine enters brain faster than does morphine. 
C)  Heroin is less lipid-soluble than is morphine. 
D)  Heroin exerts effects on the brain faster than does morphine. 
E)  Morphine is cheaper than heroin.

Question 12

The reinforcing actions of nicotine are on ________ cells within the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  dopamine; ventral tegmental area 
B)  norepinephrine; nucleus accumbens 
C)  dopamine; nucleus accumbens 
D)  glutamate; ventral tegmental area 
E)  dopamine; lateral hypothalamus 
A)  dopamine; ventral tegmental area 
B)  norepinephrine; nucleus accumbens 
C)  dopamine; nucleus accumbens 
D)  glutamate; ventral tegmental area 
E)  dopamine; lateral hypothalamus

Question 13

Cocaine and amphetamine

Accepted Answer

A)  each increase the reuptake of dopamine. 
B)  are less toxic than heroin and morphine, based on animal studies. 
C)  may cause psychotic behavior that resembles schizophrenia. 
D)  typically cause stereotyped movements after long-term exposure of several months. 
E)  are unlikely to be abused by adult humans. 
A)  each increase the reuptake of dopamine. 
B)  are less toxic than heroin and morphine, based on animal studies. 
C)  may cause psychotic behavior that resembles schizophrenia. 
D)  typically cause stereotyped movements after long-term exposure of several months. 
E)  are unlikely to be abused by adult humans.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of opiate reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Opiates cause release of dopamine within the hippocampus. 
B)  Injections of opiates into the spinal cord are reinforcing. 
C)  Injections of opiates into the VTA are reinforcing. 
D)  Natural rewards involve cholinergic and opiate systems. 
E)  Naloxone blocks cocaine reinforcement. 
A)  Opiates cause release of dopamine within the hippocampus. 
B)  Injections of opiates into the spinal cord are reinforcing. 
C)  Injections of opiates into the VTA are reinforcing. 
D)  Natural rewards involve cholinergic and opiate systems. 
E)  Naloxone blocks cocaine reinforcement.

Question 15

The major issue John faced in the opening vignette of the drug abuse chapter was ________ addiction.

Accepted Answer

A)  alcohol 
B)  nicotine 
C)  heroin 
D)  cocaine 
E)  food 
A)  alcohol 
B)  nicotine 
C)  heroin 
D)  cocaine 
E)  food

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the effects of cocaine in laboratory animals are true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cocaine is more reinforcing in humans than in rats. 
B)  Rats do not self-inject cocaine. 
C)  Rats that self-injected cocaine were three times more likely to die from an overdose than rats who self-injected heroin. 
D)  Rats that learn to self-administer cocaine develop psychosis. 
E)  Cocaine decreases dopamine with the nucleus accumbens. 
A)  Cocaine is more reinforcing in humans than in rats. 
B)  Rats do not self-inject cocaine. 
C)  Rats that self-injected cocaine were three times more likely to die from an overdose than rats who self-injected heroin. 
D)  Rats that learn to self-administer cocaine develop psychosis. 
E)  Cocaine decreases dopamine with the nucleus accumbens.

Question 17

Withdrawal from alcohol use leads to seizures, which may reflect

Accepted Answer

A)  damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus. 
B)  an upregulation of GABA transmission in brain. 
C)  facilitation of activity at NMDA receptors. 
D)  release of GABA within the cerebellum. 
E)  more long-term potentiation within the cortex. 
A)  damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus. 
B)  an upregulation of GABA transmission in brain. 
C)  facilitation of activity at NMDA receptors. 
D)  release of GABA within the cerebellum. 
E)  more long-term potentiation within the cortex.

Question 18

Which of the following is a model for the study of drug craving?

Accepted Answer

A)  intravenous self-administration 
B)  the homeostasis model 
C)  incentive salience conditioning 
D)  the reinstatement model 
E)  the rapid acquisition model 
A)  intravenous self-administration 
B)  the homeostasis model 
C)  incentive salience conditioning 
D)  the reinstatement model 
E)  the rapid acquisition model

Question 19

________ refers to a compulsion to take a drug.

Accepted Answer

ventromedi

Question 20

Administration of haloperidol to a person before he or she consumed alcohol would be expected to

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease his or her alcohol consumption. 
B)  increase his or her alcohol consumption. 
C)  reduce the sedating effect of alcohol. 
D)  increase the reinforcing effect of alcohol. 
E)  intensify the magnitude of their hangover the following day. 
A)  decrease his or her alcohol consumption. 
B)  increase his or her alcohol consumption. 
C)  reduce the sedating effect of alcohol. 
D)  increase the reinforcing effect of alcohol. 
E)  intensify the magnitude of their hangover the following day.

Drugs are reinforcing when

Early changes in the brain during exposure to addictive drugs involves the insertion of receptors into neuron membranes located within the .

Compare and contrast negative reinforcement with punishment.

Research on the genetics of drug dependence indicates that

Alcohol use produces negative reinforcement by

The drug rimonabant

Microdialysis studies indicate that administration of ________ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Explain how drugs of abuse may act via the same substrate engaged by natural rewards.

The experience of stress has been found to

The ability of THC to produce a "high" seems to be related to

Which of the following is an explanation of why drug addicts prefer heroin over morphine?

The reinforcing actions of nicotine are on cells within the .

Cocaine and amphetamine

Which of the following is true of opiate reinforcement?

The major issue John faced in the opening vignette of the drug abuse chapter was ________ addiction.

Which of the following statements about the effects of cocaine in laboratory animals are true?

Withdrawal from alcohol use leads to seizures, which may reflect

Which of the following is a model for the study of drug craving?

________ refers to a compulsion to take a drug.

Administration of haloperidol to a person before he or she consumed alcohol would be expected to

Introduction

Structure and Function of Cells of the Nervous System

Structure of the Nervous System

Psychopharmacology

Methods and Strategies of Research

Vision

Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Control of Movement

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Reproductive Behavior

Emotion

Ingestive Behavior

Learning and Memory

Human Communication

Neurological Disorders

Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders

Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficithyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders

Filters

Exam 18: Drug Abuse

Drugs are reinforcing when

Early changes in the brain during exposure to addictive drugs involves the insertion of ________ receptors into neuron membranes located within the ________.

Compare and contrast negative reinforcement with punishment.

Research on the genetics of drug dependence indicates that

Alcohol use produces negative reinforcement by

The drug rimonabant

Microdialysis studies indicate that administration of ________ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Explain how drugs of abuse may act via the same substrate engaged by natural rewards.

The experience of stress has been found to

The ability of THC to produce a "high" seems to be related to

Which of the following is an explanation of why drug addicts prefer heroin over morphine?

The reinforcing actions of nicotine are on ________ cells within the ________.

Cocaine and amphetamine

Which of the following is true of opiate reinforcement?

The major issue John faced in the opening vignette of the drug abuse chapter was ________ addiction.

Which of the following statements about the effects of cocaine in laboratory animals are true?

Withdrawal from alcohol use leads to seizures, which may reflect

Which of the following is a model for the study of drug craving?

________ refers to a compulsion to take a drug.

Administration of haloperidol to a person before he or she consumed alcohol would be expected to

Introduction

Structure and Function of Cells of the Nervous System

Structure of the Nervous System

Psychopharmacology

Methods and Strategies of Research

Vision

Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses

Control of Movement

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Reproductive Behavior

Emotion

Ingestive Behavior

Learning and Memory

Human Communication

Neurological Disorders

Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders

Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficithyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders

Filters

Early changes in the brain during exposure to addictive drugs involves the insertion of receptors into neuron membranes located within the .

The reinforcing actions of nicotine are on cells within the .