Question 1

Soren Kierkegaard
-According to Kierkegaard,faith is when "the single individual is higher than the universal,[and] is justified before it," by which he means

Accepted Answer

A) faith happens when an individual follows his or her own way rather than the dictates of universal morality. 
B) faith is when a person follows the moral law and is justified through it. 
C) faith happens when a person follows God's will,which is above the moral law. 
D) faith is God's moral law. 
A) faith happens when an individual follows his or her own way rather than the dictates of universal morality. 
B) faith is when a person follows the moral law and is justified through it. 
C) faith happens when a person follows God's will,which is above the moral law. 
D) faith is God's moral law.

Question 2

Thomas Hobbes
-Which of the following is not a law of nature?

Accepted Answer

A) the need to do good to people out of moral duty. 
B) the seeking of peace. 
C) the giving up of one's rights of nature. 
D) the making and keeping of social contracts. 
A) the need to do good to people out of moral duty. 
B) the seeking of peace. 
C) the giving up of one's rights of nature. 
D) the making and keeping of social contracts.

Question 3

Socrates and Plato 
-Socrates' ideal community guardians would have a philosophic nature so to

Accepted Answer

A) be ruthless to all enemies. 
B) treat all peoples with humanity. 
C) distinguish fellow citizens from enemy,non-citizens. 
D) not fight because they are pacifists. 
A) be ruthless to all enemies. 
B) treat all peoples with humanity. 
C) distinguish fellow citizens from enemy,non-citizens. 
D) not fight because they are pacifists.

Question 4

René Descartes
-How does Descartes account for his certainty in his new knowledge,considering the possibility of error in his reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A) Since God is good,there is no possibility of error. 
B) There is no certainty at all that he is correct,and he is acting totally on faith. 
C) Reason allows for no error. 
D) God won't allow error to occur,as long as he is using his reason properly. 
A) Since God is good,there is no possibility of error. 
B) There is no certainty at all that he is correct,and he is acting totally on faith. 
C) Reason allows for no error. 
D) God won't allow error to occur,as long as he is using his reason properly.

Question 5

Thomas Hobbes
-In the "state of nature," that is,in a place without an organized government,Hobbes predicts that

Accepted Answer

A) people would form primitive societies based on mutual need and respect. 
B) people would help one another when unaffected by societies' corrupting influence. 
C) people would form societies to protect themselves from each other. 
D) government would only form when imposed upon the people by invaders. 
A) people would form primitive societies based on mutual need and respect. 
B) people would help one another when unaffected by societies' corrupting influence. 
C) people would form societies to protect themselves from each other. 
D) government would only form when imposed upon the people by invaders.

Question 6

Gottfried Leibniz
-Although God made the world perfectly,we are mistaken if we

Accepted Answer

A) think that means it was made for our personal benefit. 
B) assume perfection means goodness. 
C) think God is perfect as well. 
D) assume that world was made for humans alone. 
A) think that means it was made for our personal benefit. 
B) assume perfection means goodness. 
C) think God is perfect as well. 
D) assume that world was made for humans alone.

Question 7

Simone De Beauvoir
-When De Beauvoir asks if there “really are any women” she means what?

Accepted Answer

A) Is there a property called femininity that many women still embody? 
B) Has birth control removed an essential part of the female function? 
C) Has homosexuality threatened the traditional role of women as lovers of men? 
D) Do any biological females remain? 
A) Is there a property called femininity that many women still embody? 
B) Has birth control removed an essential part of the female function? 
C) Has homosexuality threatened the traditional role of women as lovers of men? 
D) Do any biological females remain?

Question 8

Socrates and Plato 
-In his attempt to find someone wiser than himself,Socrates comes to the conclusion that wisdom

Accepted Answer

A) is not worth seeking. 
B) consists of knowing what one does and does not know. 
C) belongs only to the lower class of merchants and craftsmen. 
D) was given to him by the god at Delphi. 
A) is not worth seeking. 
B) consists of knowing what one does and does not know. 
C) belongs only to the lower class of merchants and craftsmen. 
D) was given to him by the god at Delphi.

Question 9

Thomas Hobbes
-Which of the following are not created through sense perception?

Accepted Answer

A) thoughts 
B) memory 
C) imagination 
D) None,they all arise from sense perception. 
A) thoughts 
B) memory 
C) imagination 
D) None,they all arise from sense perception.

Question 10

Gottfried Leibniz
-How does Leibniz contrast the nature of God with those of what he calls created monads?

Accepted Answer

A) God is the only primitive unit with infinite,perfect attributes.Created Monads are the products of this fundamental unit. 
B) The natures of God and Created Monads are,essentially,identical. 
C) God is a simple,undeveloped unit.Created Monads result from the development and expansion of the substance of this original unit. 
D) God and Created Monads are so different that no comparison can be drawn between them.They are entirely disparate entities. 
A) God is the only primitive unit with infinite,perfect attributes.Created Monads are the products of this fundamental unit. 
B) The natures of God and Created Monads are,essentially,identical. 
C) God is a simple,undeveloped unit.Created Monads result from the development and expansion of the substance of this original unit. 
D) God and Created Monads are so different that no comparison can be drawn between them.They are entirely disparate entities.

Question 11

Aristotle 
-According to Aristotle,the primary difference between physics (natural science)and mathematics is

Accepted Answer

A) physics deals with objects as concepts,not as particulars. 
B) physics deals with whether the earth is a sphere; mathematics does not. 
C) mathematics separates the attributes of a natural object from the object; physics does not. 
D) mathematics is not concerned with the attributes of natural objects; physics is. 
A) physics deals with objects as concepts,not as particulars. 
B) physics deals with whether the earth is a sphere; mathematics does not. 
C) mathematics separates the attributes of a natural object from the object; physics does not. 
D) mathematics is not concerned with the attributes of natural objects; physics is.

Question 12

Immanuel Kant
-Why does Kant claim that practical principles of right cannot ever contain exceptions if they are to be maintained as principles?

Accepted Answer

A) Exceptions will allow for individuals to ignore responsibilities resulting from the consequences of actions or statements. 
B) If one has to make exceptions,it would be more reasonable to designate additional,specific principles. 
C) Such exceptions would nullify the universality of principles,which is precisely the reason that they are called principles in the first place. 
D) Exceptions to such principles would encourage actions and statements that are not aligned with fulfillment of duty. 
A) Exceptions will allow for individuals to ignore responsibilities resulting from the consequences of actions or statements. 
B) If one has to make exceptions,it would be more reasonable to designate additional,specific principles. 
C) Such exceptions would nullify the universality of principles,which is precisely the reason that they are called principles in the first place. 
D) Exceptions to such principles would encourage actions and statements that are not aligned with fulfillment of duty.

Question 13

Friedrich Nietzsche
-Because passions can often lead a person to make stupid decisions,Nietzsche believes that

Accepted Answer

A) passions ought to be denied. 
B) passions ought to be denied only if they are Dionysian. 
C) all passions ought to be obeyed at all times. 
D) passions ought to be spiritualized. 
A) passions ought to be denied. 
B) passions ought to be denied only if they are Dionysian. 
C) all passions ought to be obeyed at all times. 
D) passions ought to be spiritualized.

Question 14

Thomas Hobbes
-What is Hobbesian justice?

Accepted Answer

A) defending the weak against the strong 
B) an objective,moral standard 
C) seeking the safest situation for all people 
D) keeping social contracts under all circumstances 
A) defending the weak against the strong 
B) an objective,moral standard 
C) seeking the safest situation for all people 
D) keeping social contracts under all circumstances

Question 15

Boethius 
-"Philosophy" also states that "all things will happen which God knows will happen"

Accepted Answer

A) including things that happen as a result of free will. 
B) unless free agents choose otherwise. 
C) because God causes them to happen. 
D) because they are necessary in themselves. 
A) including things that happen as a result of free will. 
B) unless free agents choose otherwise. 
C) because God causes them to happen. 
D) because they are necessary in themselves.

Question 16

Baruch Spinoza
-The conclusion that God is the only substance containing all attributes is based on all of the following premises except

Accepted Answer

A) substance is essential and infinite. 
B) substances cannot create each other. 
C) all things that exist necessarily exist. 
D) substance necessarily exists. 
A) substance is essential and infinite. 
B) substances cannot create each other. 
C) all things that exist necessarily exist. 
D) substance necessarily exists.

Question 17

Augustine
-According to Augustine,which of the following things are completely evil?

Accepted Answer

A) a corrupted will 
B) things which are objects of misdirected love 
C) Satan 
D) Nothing is completely evil. 
A) a corrupted will 
B) things which are objects of misdirected love 
C) Satan 
D) Nothing is completely evil.

Question 18

Gottfried Leibniz
-Leibniz disagrees with Spinoza's view of creation because

Accepted Answer

A) Leibniz believes God created this particular world purposefully,while Spinoza thinks this just one of many worlds which God necessarily created. 
B) Leibniz believes that God allowed imperfection to mar his world,while Spinoza thinks the world is perfect. 
C) Leibniz believes God is under necessity to create while Spinoza thinks God creates by his own will. 
D) Leibniz wonders if God could have made a better world,but Spinoza thinks this is the best of all possible worlds. 
A) Leibniz believes God created this particular world purposefully,while Spinoza thinks this just one of many worlds which God necessarily created. 
B) Leibniz believes that God allowed imperfection to mar his world,while Spinoza thinks the world is perfect. 
C) Leibniz believes God is under necessity to create while Spinoza thinks God creates by his own will. 
D) Leibniz wonders if God could have made a better world,but Spinoza thinks this is the best of all possible worlds.

Question 19

Relations of ideas are either intuitively or demonstratively certain,while matters of fact are

Accepted Answer

A) necessarily true. 
B) demonstrated to be true by cause and effect. 
C) unable to be proven or disproven. 
D) proven by mathematics. 
A) necessarily true. 
B) demonstrated to be true by cause and effect. 
C) unable to be proven or disproven. 
D) proven by mathematics.

Question 20

Pyrrho and Sextus Empiricus 
-The central,originating cause of skepticism is,according to Sextus Empiricus

Accepted Answer

A) confusion from contradictory events. 
B) the hope of attaining quietude and unperturbedness when it comes to contradiction and/or conflict 
C) the difficulty in defining the relationship between mind and body. 
D) inconsistency between perceived and conceived experience(s). 
A) confusion from contradictory events. 
B) the hope of attaining quietude and unperturbedness when it comes to contradiction and/or conflict 
C) the difficulty in defining the relationship between mind and body. 
D) inconsistency between perceived and conceived experience(s).

Exam 1: Ancient Greek Philosophy

Soren Kierkegaard -According to Kierkegaard,faith is when "the single individual is higher than the universal,[and] is justified before it," by which he means

Thomas Hobbes -Which of the following is not a law of nature?

Socrates and Plato -Socrates' ideal community guardians would have a philosophic nature so to

René Descartes -How does Descartes account for his certainty in his new knowledge,considering the possibility of error in his reasoning?

Thomas Hobbes -In the "state of nature," that is,in a place without an organized government,Hobbes predicts that

Gottfried Leibniz -Although God made the world perfectly,we are mistaken if we

Simone De Beauvoir -When De Beauvoir asks if there “really are any women” she means what?

Socrates and Plato -In his attempt to find someone wiser than himself,Socrates comes to the conclusion that wisdom

Thomas Hobbes -Which of the following are not created through sense perception?

Gottfried Leibniz -How does Leibniz contrast the nature of God with those of what he calls created monads?

Aristotle -According to Aristotle,the primary difference between physics (natural science)and mathematics is

Immanuel Kant -Why does Kant claim that practical principles of right cannot ever contain exceptions if they are to be maintained as principles?

Friedrich Nietzsche -Because passions can often lead a person to make stupid decisions,Nietzsche believes that

Thomas Hobbes -What is Hobbesian justice?

Boethius -"Philosophy" also states that "all things will happen which God knows will happen"

Baruch Spinoza -The conclusion that God is the only substance containing all attributes is based on all of the following premises except

Augustine -According to Augustine,which of the following things are completely evil?

Gottfried Leibniz -Leibniz disagrees with Spinoza's view of creation because

Relations of ideas are either intuitively or demonstratively certain,while matters of fact are

Pyrrho and Sextus Empiricus -The central,originating cause of skepticism is,according to Sextus Empiricus

Filters