Question 1

Immanuel Kant
-Moral duty can be determined by asking whether

Accepted Answer

A) you would want everyone always to act as you are acting. 
B) an action brings about the greatest good. 
C) it is possible for people to actually carry out that action and be virtuous. 
D) you will benefit from it. 
A) you would want everyone always to act as you are acting. 
B) an action brings about the greatest good. 
C) it is possible for people to actually carry out that action and be virtuous. 
D) you will benefit from it.

Question 2

Aristotle 
-Which of the following does Aristotle not say in regards to the "Golden Mean"?

Accepted Answer

A) The "Golden Mean" is relatively easy to find. 
B) Some actions and emotions cannot be understood by means of the "Golden Mean." 
C) The "Golden Mean" is a way to determine if an action is virtuous. 
D) The "Golden Mean" leads to virtue. 
A) The "Golden Mean" is relatively easy to find. 
B) Some actions and emotions cannot be understood by means of the "Golden Mean." 
C) The "Golden Mean" is a way to determine if an action is virtuous. 
D) The "Golden Mean" leads to virtue.

Question 3

Immanuel Kant
-According to Kant,when is it appropriate to forgo truthfulness?

Accepted Answer

A) Never.General truthfulness is a formal duty,even if in being truthful one ends up bringing about some misfortune to an individual or group ends up harming some individual. 
B) Only when the lie in question does not harm another. 
C) Only when the lie in question helps another. 
D) Never.To forgo truthfulness is to make oneself vulnerable to blame for unfortunate and tragic events that occur because of one's own actions or statements. 
A) Never.General truthfulness is a formal duty,even if in being truthful one ends up bringing about some misfortune to an individual or group ends up harming some individual. 
B) Only when the lie in question does not harm another. 
C) Only when the lie in question helps another. 
D) Never.To forgo truthfulness is to make oneself vulnerable to blame for unfortunate and tragic events that occur because of one's own actions or statements.

Question 4

George Berkeley
-Imagine if Descartes entered into the dialogue.What might Philonous say to him regarding Descartes' old problem of the interaction of mind and body?

Accepted Answer

A) "The mind perceives and the body is just an idea in the mind." 
B) "The body is a part of the act of perception and sensation,because it is an extension of the mind." 
C) "The brain is the same thing as the mind,therefore,both body and mind are part of the act of perception." 
D) "The brain is the part of people which takes in perceptions,while the mind processes those perceptions and organizes them into clear and distinct thoughts. 
A) "The mind perceives and the body is just an idea in the mind." 
B) "The body is a part of the act of perception and sensation,because it is an extension of the mind." 
C) "The brain is the same thing as the mind,therefore,both body and mind are part of the act of perception." 
D) "The brain is the part of people which takes in perceptions,while the mind processes those perceptions and organizes them into clear and distinct thoughts.

Question 5

Immanuel Kant
-It is possible to know nature a priori because

Accepted Answer

A) all of nature that is perceivable to humans must be clear to human understanding a priori. 
B) the world as it actually exists is the world which our senses present to us. 
C) the world is nothing but our perception of it,which is necessarily clear to the mind. 
D) None of the above.The world can only be known a posteriori. 
A) all of nature that is perceivable to humans must be clear to human understanding a priori. 
B) the world as it actually exists is the world which our senses present to us. 
C) the world is nothing but our perception of it,which is necessarily clear to the mind. 
D) None of the above.The world can only be known a posteriori.

Question 6

Aristotle 
-Aristotle rejects Plato's view of the good because

Accepted Answer

A) Plato's view is too absolutist. 
B) people don't actually want the good as Plato thought. 
C) the good that Plato spoke of is unattainable for humans. 
D) Plato saw good not as an aim for humans,but simply as an abstraction. 
A) Plato's view is too absolutist. 
B) people don't actually want the good as Plato thought. 
C) the good that Plato spoke of is unattainable for humans. 
D) Plato saw good not as an aim for humans,but simply as an abstraction.

Question 7

Gottfried Leibniz
-Leibniz attempts to solve the mind/body debate by proposing the solution that

Accepted Answer

A) there is no mind or body,only monads. 
B) all monads are incorporeal mind and mind is all that exists. 
C) mind and body monads interact in a pre-arranged harmony. 
D) monads are extended bodies with a mind in them as well. 
A) there is no mind or body,only monads. 
B) all monads are incorporeal mind and mind is all that exists. 
C) mind and body monads interact in a pre-arranged harmony. 
D) monads are extended bodies with a mind in them as well.

Question 8

John Locke
-Which of the following is not true of the human mind?

Accepted Answer

A) The human mind starts out as a blank slate. 
B) The mind is filled through experience. 
C) Ideas come into the mind by sensation and reflection. 
D) There are categories in the mind which organize simple and complex ideas. 
A) The human mind starts out as a blank slate. 
B) The mind is filled through experience. 
C) Ideas come into the mind by sensation and reflection. 
D) There are categories in the mind which organize simple and complex ideas.

Question 9

John Stuart Mill
-According to Mill,Virtue is desired

Accepted Answer

A) as the natural and original end of morality. 
B) as the end goal of happiness. 
C) as a means to happiness. 
D) not at all,because Virtue as previous philosophers have defined it only keeps one from pleasure and leads one to pain. 
A) as the natural and original end of morality. 
B) as the end goal of happiness. 
C) as a means to happiness. 
D) not at all,because Virtue as previous philosophers have defined it only keeps one from pleasure and leads one to pain.

Question 10

Thomas Hobbes
-The Sovereign is under an obligation to

Accepted Answer

A) seek the best for his people. 
B) be wise and just. 
C) nothing and no one. 
D) the will of the people. 
A) seek the best for his people. 
B) be wise and just. 
C) nothing and no one. 
D) the will of the people.

Question 11

Gottfried Leibniz
-All human knowledge,including knowledge of God,is innate because

Accepted Answer

A) only God can create an idea of himself. 
B) our minds are independent from the world of sensations and perceive only what God puts in them. 
C) our minds contain all that God's mind does,so God's thoughts about the world and about God are clear to us. 
D) knowledge is not innate,and we understand the world and God through our senses only. 
A) only God can create an idea of himself. 
B) our minds are independent from the world of sensations and perceive only what God puts in them. 
C) our minds contain all that God's mind does,so God's thoughts about the world and about God are clear to us. 
D) knowledge is not innate,and we understand the world and God through our senses only.

Question 12

John Stuart Mill
-Mill argues that justice is distinguished from other moral terms by its association with which of the following concepts? .

Accepted Answer

A) The just is what people truly want. 
B) The just is what an individual has a right to. 
C) The just is what establishes and keeps social ties. 
D) The just is what we should avoid. 
A) The just is what people truly want. 
B) The just is what an individual has a right to. 
C) The just is what establishes and keeps social ties. 
D) The just is what we should avoid.

Question 13

Baruch Spinoza
-Which of the following does Spinoza not say about substance?

Accepted Answer

A) Substances are known by their essential attributes. 
B) Substances cannot be known unless the causes of substances are known. 
C) Substances necessarily exist. 
D) Mind and body are substances. 
A) Substances are known by their essential attributes. 
B) Substances cannot be known unless the causes of substances are known. 
C) Substances necessarily exist. 
D) Mind and body are substances.

Question 14

Socrates and Plato 
-Socrates responds to Crito,saying that he cannot leave because the "laws of Athens" tell him that

Accepted Answer

A) he cannot enjoy the privileges of a society without also subjecting himself to its justice. 
B) if a city is unjust,one must stay and protest until justice is done. 
C) the city is more important than the individuals involved and so its judgments are always right. 
D) he deserves his penalty. 
A) he cannot enjoy the privileges of a society without also subjecting himself to its justice. 
B) if a city is unjust,one must stay and protest until justice is done. 
C) the city is more important than the individuals involved and so its judgments are always right. 
D) he deserves his penalty.

Question 15

Immanuel Kant
-Since no person or persons have ever done anything out of duty alone,it follows that

Accepted Answer

A) moral perfection is unattainable and therefore,the standards of morality ought to be tempered by practical reason. 
B) duty is determined independently of individual circumstances,regardless of whether or not it can be lived up to. 
C) there is no such thing as absolute morality,since there is not example of it in the world. 
D) morality must be determined by duty and the expected result. 
A) moral perfection is unattainable and therefore,the standards of morality ought to be tempered by practical reason. 
B) duty is determined independently of individual circumstances,regardless of whether or not it can be lived up to. 
C) there is no such thing as absolute morality,since there is not example of it in the world. 
D) morality must be determined by duty and the expected result.

Question 16

Epicurus 
-Epicurus would be against cheating because

Accepted Answer

A) there is more pleasure in doing the good. 
B) the gods oppose it. 
C) one would be afraid of getting caught. 
D) it is wrong. 
A) there is more pleasure in doing the good. 
B) the gods oppose it. 
C) one would be afraid of getting caught. 
D) it is wrong.

Question 17

René Descartes
-Descartes' goal in doubting is to

Accepted Answer

A) prove that all of his previous knowledge was totally false. 
B) show that reason is inherently flawed and must be rejected. 
C) arrive at a point of logical certainty with regards to knowledge. 
D) show that belief in God comes through faith alone. 
A) prove that all of his previous knowledge was totally false. 
B) show that reason is inherently flawed and must be rejected. 
C) arrive at a point of logical certainty with regards to knowledge. 
D) show that belief in God comes through faith alone.

Question 18

Karl Marx
-What,according to Marx,is the only way to end the worker's problems?

Accepted Answer

A) To increase the worker's wages. 
B) To establish equal incomes for all workers. 
C) To abolish private property. 
D) All of the above. 
A) To increase the worker's wages. 
B) To establish equal incomes for all workers. 
C) To abolish private property. 
D) All of the above.

Question 19

Immanuel Kant
-We cannot make judgments about the metaphysics of the universe as a whole because

Accepted Answer

A) the universe is totally unknown to us. 
B) any statement about the true nature of the universe has an opposite,and nothing can prove one to be true and the other to be false. 
C) our judgment knows only the phenomenal world,and so nothing can be known about the noumenal world. 
D) the universe does not exist apart from our perception of it. 
A) the universe is totally unknown to us. 
B) any statement about the true nature of the universe has an opposite,and nothing can prove one to be true and the other to be false. 
C) our judgment knows only the phenomenal world,and so nothing can be known about the noumenal world. 
D) the universe does not exist apart from our perception of it.

Question 20

George Berkeley
-According to Philonous,when I am no longer perceiving my computer

Accepted Answer

A) it ceases to exist. 
B) it exists if other human minds are perceiving it. 
C) it continues to exist in the mind of God. 
D) it continues to exist,since ideas cannot be destroyed,even if unperceived. 
A) it ceases to exist. 
B) it exists if other human minds are perceiving it. 
C) it continues to exist in the mind of God. 
D) it continues to exist,since ideas cannot be destroyed,even if unperceived.

Exam 1: Ancient Greek Philosophy

Immanuel Kant -Moral duty can be determined by asking whether

Aristotle -Which of the following does Aristotle not say in regards to the "Golden Mean"?

Immanuel Kant -According to Kant,when is it appropriate to forgo truthfulness?

George Berkeley -Imagine if Descartes entered into the dialogue.What might Philonous say to him regarding Descartes' old problem of the interaction of mind and body?

Immanuel Kant -It is possible to know nature a priori because

Aristotle -Aristotle rejects Plato's view of the good because

Gottfried Leibniz -Leibniz attempts to solve the mind/body debate by proposing the solution that

John Locke -Which of the following is not true of the human mind?

John Stuart Mill -According to Mill,Virtue is desired

Thomas Hobbes -The Sovereign is under an obligation to

Gottfried Leibniz -All human knowledge,including knowledge of God,is innate because

John Stuart Mill -Mill argues that justice is distinguished from other moral terms by its association with which of the following concepts? .

Baruch Spinoza -Which of the following does Spinoza not say about substance?

Socrates and Plato -Socrates responds to Crito,saying that he cannot leave because the "laws of Athens" tell him that

Immanuel Kant -Since no person or persons have ever done anything out of duty alone,it follows that

Epicurus -Epicurus would be against cheating because

René Descartes -Descartes' goal in doubting is to

Karl Marx -What,according to Marx,is the only way to end the worker's problems?

Immanuel Kant -We cannot make judgments about the metaphysics of the universe as a whole because

George Berkeley -According to Philonous,when I am no longer perceiving my computer

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