Question 1

During reabsorption, for the most part chloride ions:

Accepted Answer

A)  pass between cells 
B)  move down their electrical gradient 
C)  move against their concentration gradient 
D)  both (a) and (b) 
E)  all of the above 
A)  pass between cells 
B)  move down their electrical gradient 
C)  move against their concentration gradient 
D)  both (a) and (b) 
E)  all of the above

Question 2

The three major processes involved in urine formation are filtration, reabsorption, and excretion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code.
-Increased aldosterone secretion _____ Na+ reabsorption.

Accepted Answer

A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on 
A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on

Question 4

Which of the following statements regarding tubular reabsorption is incorrect? Tubular reabsorption

Accepted Answer

A)  refers to the movement of a substance from the tubular fluid to the peritubular capillary blood. 
B)  is important for the conservation of substances important to the body, such as Na+, Cl-, glucose, and amino acids. 
C)  can occur by active or passive transport mechanisms. 
D)  involves the process of transepithelial transport. 
E)  takes place only in the proximal tubule. 
A)  refers to the movement of a substance from the tubular fluid to the peritubular capillary blood. 
B)  is important for the conservation of substances important to the body, such as Na+, Cl-, glucose, and amino acids. 
C)  can occur by active or passive transport mechanisms. 
D)  involves the process of transepithelial transport. 
E)  takes place only in the proximal tubule.

Question 5

The ____ establish the medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplication.

Accepted Answer

A)  loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons 
B)  loops of Henle of cortical nephrons 
C)  vasa recta of juxtamedullary nephrons 
D)  vasa recta of cortical nephrons 
E)  vasopressin-secreting cells 
A)  loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons 
B)  loops of Henle of cortical nephrons 
C)  vasa recta of juxtamedullary nephrons 
D)  vasa recta of cortical nephrons 
E)  vasopressin-secreting cells

Question 6

The glomerular filtrate

Accepted Answer

A)  is a protein-free plasma. 
B)  is formed as a result of passive forces acting across the glomerular membrane. 
C)  does not contain foreign compounds because these substances are secreted by special transport mechanisms in the proximal tubule instead. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers. 
A)  is a protein-free plasma. 
B)  is formed as a result of passive forces acting across the glomerular membrane. 
C)  does not contain foreign compounds because these substances are secreted by special transport mechanisms in the proximal tubule instead. 
D)  both (a) and (b) above. 
E)  all of these answers.

Question 7

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code.
-Increased angiotensin II activation _____ aldosterone secretion.

Accepted Answer

A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on 
A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on

Question 8

The kidneys are the organs that are primarily responsible for maintaining constancy of the volume and electrolyte composition of the internal fluid environment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

____________________ is the inability to prevent the discharge of urine.

Accepted Answer

urinary in

Question 10

The glomerular capillary blood pressure is higher than capillary pressure elsewhere in the body primarily because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic.
-It inhibits Na+ reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Accepted Answer

A) renin 
B) angiotensinogen 
C) angiotensin I 
D) angiotensin II 
E) aldosterone
F)atrial natriuretic peptide 
A) renin 
B) angiotensinogen 
C) angiotensin I 
D) angiotensin II 
E) aldosterone
F)atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 12

Secretion of organic ions takes place in the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Bowman's capsule. 
B)  loop of Henle. 
C)  proximal tubule. 
D)  collecting duct. 
E)  glomerulus. 
A)  Bowman's capsule. 
B)  loop of Henle. 
C)  proximal tubule. 
D)  collecting duct. 
E)  glomerulus.

Question 13

Explain how both voluntary and involuntary responses are associated with micturition.

Accepted Answer

The emptying of the bladder is a combina

Question 14

Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction ____ blood flow into the glomerulus, which causes the glomerular-capillary blood pressure to ____, leading to a(n) ____ in the net filtration pressure and a resultant ____ in the GFR.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases, increase, increase, increase 
B)  decreases, decrease, decrease, decrease 
C)  increases, increase, decrease, decrease 
D)  decreases, decrease, increase, increase 
E)  none of these answers. 
A)  increases, increase, increase, increase 
B)  decreases, decrease, decrease, decrease 
C)  increases, increase, decrease, decrease 
D)  decreases, decrease, increase, increase 
E)  none of these answers.

Question 15

Describe how the vertical osmotic gradient is used to create urine of various dilutions.

Accepted Answer

The counter current system of the loop o

Question 16

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics
-fluid entering is this structure is hypertonic, but when it leaves is hypotonic

Accepted Answer

A) afferent arteriole 
B) glomerulus 
C) efferent arteriole 
D) Bowman's capsule 
E) proximal tubule
F)descending limb of loop of Henle
G)ascending limb of loop of Henle
H)distal tubule
I)collecting duct 
A) afferent arteriole 
B) glomerulus 
C) efferent arteriole 
D) Bowman's capsule 
E) proximal tubule
F)descending limb of loop of Henle
G)ascending limb of loop of Henle
H)distal tubule
I)collecting duct

Question 17

Filtration slits:

Accepted Answer

A)  provide a pathway through which fluid from the glomerulus can enter the Bowman's capsule.. 
B)  allow proteins to pass into the filtrate 
C)  are not found in all nephrons 
D)  do not allow nutrients to pass into the filtrate 
E)  are important in the ability of the kidneys to produce urine of varying concentration. 
A)  provide a pathway through which fluid from the glomerulus can enter the Bowman's capsule.. 
B)  allow proteins to pass into the filtrate 
C)  are not found in all nephrons 
D)  do not allow nutrients to pass into the filtrate 
E)  are important in the ability of the kidneys to produce urine of varying concentration.

Question 18

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code.
-Increased K+ in body fluids______ renin secretion.

Accepted Answer

A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on 
A) increases 
B) decreases 
C) has no effect on

During reabsorption, for the most part chloride ions:

The three major processes involved in urine formation are filtration, reabsorption, and excretion.

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased aldosterone secretion _____ Na⁺ reabsorption.

Which of the following statements regarding tubular reabsorption is incorrect? Tubular reabsorption

The ____ establish the medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplication.

The glomerular filtrate

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased angiotensin II activation _____ aldosterone secretion.

The kidneys are the organs that are primarily responsible for maintaining constancy of the volume and electrolyte composition of the internal fluid environment.

____________________ is the inability to prevent the discharge of urine.

The glomerular capillary blood pressure is higher than capillary pressure elsewhere in the body primarily because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -It inhibits Na⁺ reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Secretion of organic ions takes place in the:

Explain how both voluntary and involuntary responses are associated with micturition.

Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction blood flow into the glomerulus, which causes the glomerular-capillary blood pressure to , leading to a(n) in the net filtration pressure and a resultant in the GFR.

Describe how the vertical osmotic gradient is used to create urine of various dilutions.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -fluid entering is this structure is hypertonic, but when it leaves is hypotonic

Filtration slits:

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased K⁺ in body fluids______ renin secretion.

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood and Body Defenses

The Respiratory System

Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Endocrine System

The Reproductive System

Filters

Exam 13: The Urinary System

During reabsorption, for the most part chloride ions:

The three major processes involved in urine formation are filtration, reabsorption, and excretion.

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased aldosterone secretion _____ Na+ reabsorption.

Which of the following statements regarding tubular reabsorption is incorrect? Tubular reabsorption

The ____ establish the medullary vertical osmotic gradient by means of countercurrent multiplication.

The glomerular filtrate

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased angiotensin II activation _____ aldosterone secretion.

The kidneys are the organs that are primarily responsible for maintaining constancy of the volume and electrolyte composition of the internal fluid environment.

____________________ is the inability to prevent the discharge of urine.

The glomerular capillary blood pressure is higher than capillary pressure elsewhere in the body primarily because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -It inhibits Na+ reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Secretion of organic ions takes place in the:

Explain how both voluntary and involuntary responses are associated with micturition.

Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction ____ blood flow into the glomerulus, which causes the glomerular-capillary blood pressure to ____, leading to a(n) ____ in the net filtration pressure and a resultant ____ in the GFR.

Describe how the vertical osmotic gradient is used to create urine of various dilutions.

Match the nephron structure to the characteristics -fluid entering is this structure is hypertonic, but when it leaves is hypotonic

Filtration slits:

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased K+ in body fluids______ renin secretion.

Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Cell Physiology

The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Potential

Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

The Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses

The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Muscle Physiology

Cardiac Physiology

The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

The Blood and Body Defenses

The Respiratory System

Fluid and Acid-Base Balance

The Digestive System

Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation

The Endocrine System

The Reproductive System

Filters

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased aldosterone secretion _____ Na⁺ reabsorption.

Match chemicals below with the correct characteristic. -It inhibits Na⁺ reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction blood flow into the glomerulus, which causes the glomerular-capillary blood pressure to , leading to a(n) in the net filtration pressure and a resultant in the GFR.

Indicate whether the first item in the statement increases, decreases, or has no effect on the second item by filling in the appropriate letter using the following answer code. -Increased K⁺ in body fluids______ renin secretion.