Chat with AIExam 27: The Romantic View of Nature
Chronicle the rise of the Romantic landscape in Western art.
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VerifiedLandscape painting originated as an independent genre not in the West,but in the East,in China,Japan,and other parts of East Asia.In Europe,it was not until the Renaissance-among such painters as Leonardo da Vinci,Dürer,and Brueghel- that the natural landscape became a subject in its own right.Rather than realistic depictions of nature,Romantic landscape paintings became a primary vehicle for the expression of an artist's shifting moods and private emotions.Romantic painters would translate their native affection for the countryside into scenes that ranged from the picturesque to the sublime.
English artists,such as John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner,took the lead in the genesis of the Romantic landscape.Turner,especially,invested nature with theatrical fervor.Capturing the Romantic essence,Turner's works portrayed natural disasters and catastrophes that expressed the "sublime" and the terror human beings experience in the face of nature's overpowering forces.French landscape artists offered a bit gentler of an experience.They painted modest landscapes and scenes of rural life;unsentimental views of the local countryside.
In the art of ________,the native populations and traditions of America are lovingly documented.
(77) VerifiedB
Discuss transcendentalism and other views of nature in nineteenth-century America.
(66) VerifiedRomanticism infused all aspects of nineteenth-century American culture and found its purest expression in the transcendental movement.The group of New England Unitarian ministers who formed the first Transcendental Club took its name from a treatise by the German philosopher Friedrich Schiller.Schiller's System of Transcendental Idealism defended the oneness of Spirit and Nature and encouraged the realization of the higher spiritual self through sympathy with nature.The American transcendentalists-descendants of the English Puritans-held that knowledge gained by way of intuition transcended knowledge based on reason and logic.Reacting against the material excesses of advancing industrialization,they found sympathetic ideals in such mystical philosophies as Neoplatonism,and in the religions of East Asia.
The giants of transcendentalism were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.Emerson is perhaps best known for his essays,especially those on the virtues of self-reliance and nonconformity.His poetry shows a mystic reverence for nature and a unique appreciation of Asian philosophy,including the Bhagavad-Gita.Thoreau,a fierce anti-materialist,abandoned urban society to live in the Massachusetts woods near Walden Pond-an experiment that lasted twenty-six months.He described his love of the natural world,his nonconformist attitude toward society,and his deep commitment to monkish simplicity in his "handbook for living," called Walden,or Life in the Woods.In this intimate yet forthright diary,Thoreau glorifies nature as innocent and beneficent-a source of joy and practical instruction.
Exalting the natural landscape as the source of sublime inspiration and moral truth,Wordsworth and his English contemporaries initiated the ________ movement.
(88) ________,the leading nature poet of the nineteenth century,embraced the redemptive power of nature.
(87) While the theory of ________ displaced human beings from their elevated place in the hierarchy of living creatures,it advanced the idea of the unity of nature and humankind.
(78) Walt Whitman,Thoreau,and Emerson are all considered ________ writers.
(97) Examine attitudes toward nature in Asian culture and Native American culture.
(69) Increased production of ________ encouraged expansion of industry and commerce in the European West.
(84) American folk art,as typified by the paintings of ________,made use of natural imagery for decorative and symbolic purposes.
(87) In Chinese literature,as reflected in Shen Fu's confessional prose,and in painting,________ becomes a source of inspiration and personal solace.
(80) ________ argued that by means of natural selection,all living things including human beings evolved from a few simple forms: species either develop into higher forms of life or fail to survive.
(88) ________ proposed a dialectical model according to which all reality,all history,and all ideas progressed toward perfect freedom.
(74) ________'s deeply spiritual poems reflect a visionary and moral perception of nature.
(80) ________ compared the elemental forces of nature with the creative powers of the poet.
(81) It was among Western romantics that the ________ became an independent and publicly acclaimed subject in the visual arts.
(80) In this industrial-based society,goods were increasingly made at factories rather than
(84) Define the European Romantic poets and explain their attitudes towards nature.
(80) ________ rejoiced that nature's fleeting beauty might forever dwell in art.
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