Exam 6: Learning

In operant conditioning,how does positive reinforcement differ from negative reinforcement?

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that

Counterconditioning is a classical conditioning procedure for

Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning is defined as

Andrea,an avid golfer,imitates a professional golfer's swing after watching him play golf on television.Andrea's act of imitation represents the _____ element of observational learning.

In Pavlov's studies on classical conditioning,the bell was a(n)_____ before it was paired with the food.

In operant conditioning,extinction occurs when

In operant conditioning,organisms learn

Ryan receives a scolding from his mother every time he picks his nose.Fearing retribution,Ryan hesitates to pick his nose whenever his mother is present with him.In this scenario,Ryan is demonstrating

A process that makes an observer less likely to repeat a behavior on seeing the model reprimanded is called _____ in observational learning.

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning,prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food,the dog's salivation in response to the food was the

When we cultivate predictable environments and take control of circumstances,stress decreases.

_____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.

In positive punishment a behavior increases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus,whereas in negative punishment a behavior increases when a stimulus is removed.

Mrs.Graham is the principal of a high school.She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested.In this scenario,Mrs.Graham relies on a _____ schedule in operant conditioning to enforce a desired behavior in her students.

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house.He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music.In this scenario,Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.

While on her way to work recently,Martha was pulled over for the first time,for exceeding the speed limit.She was required to pay a heavy fine.Since then,she has maintained a consistent speed of 30 miles per hour while driving,whether or not there are speed limits in place.In this scenario,Martha is demonstrating _____ learning.

Henry loves animals and has always wanted a pet animal.However,when he met his neighbour's dog,it bit him.Now,Henry stays away from dogs.In this scenario,in the context of classical conditioning,Henry's fear of dogs is a(n)

Observational learning has little significance in the functioning of role models in inspiring people and changing their perceptions.