Question 1

Climate scientists are developing methane hydrates to decrease the effects of global warming.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Bacterial oxidation of Fe²⁺ occurs BEST under which environmental condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  cold temperature 
B)  high sunlight 
C)  low (acidic) pH 
D)  nutrient-replete 
A)  cold temperature 
B)  high sunlight 
C)  low (acidic) pH 
D)  nutrient-replete

Question 3

What is a characteristic of a deep sea marine cold seep/vent?

Accepted Answer

A)  acidic 
B)  luminous 
C)  low pressure 
D)  rich in methane 
A)  acidic 
B)  luminous 
C)  low pressure 
D)  rich in methane

Question 4

The metabolic process of ammonification ________ ammonia.

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidizes 
B)  produces 
C)  reduces 
D)  transforms 
A)  oxidizes 
B)  produces 
C)  reduces 
D)  transforms

Question 5

More carbon is present in dead organic material on Earth than in living organisms.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The disposal of garbage or sewage in the ocean is known to cause the sudden growth of sulfate reducers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

What would the result be when a soil is supplemented with S⁰?

Accepted Answer

A)  dimethyl sulfide production due to mixotrophs 
B)  organic carbon production due to anaerobes 
C)  soil acidification due to chemolithotrophs 
D)  syntrophic utilization of sulfite 
A)  dimethyl sulfide production due to mixotrophs 
B)  organic carbon production due to anaerobes 
C)  soil acidification due to chemolithotrophs 
D)  syntrophic utilization of sulfite

Question 8

Mercury can serve as a transcriptional activator in the regulation of certain genes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The Ca cycle is tightly coupled to the

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon cycle through calcium carbonate formation in ocean waters. 
B)  phosphorus cycle through calcium phosphate formation in sediments and rocks. 
C)  silica cycle through calcium silicate formation in coastal ocean sediments. 
D)  nitrogen cycle because nitrogenase requires calcium ions. 
A)  carbon cycle through calcium carbonate formation in ocean waters. 
B)  phosphorus cycle through calcium phosphate formation in sediments and rocks. 
C)  silica cycle through calcium silicate formation in coastal ocean sediments. 
D)  nitrogen cycle because nitrogenase requires calcium ions.

Question 10

Microbial activity generates methylmercury,which is much less toxic than the mercuric ion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Lysis of marine algae and cyanobacteria releases the major osmoregulatory solute,dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP),which is degraded into the most abundant organic S compound in nature,________.

Accepted Answer

A)  dimethyl sulfide (CH₃-S-CH₃) 
B)  hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) 
C)  gypsum (CaSO₄) 
D)  elemental sulfur (Sᵒ) 
A)  dimethyl sulfide (CH₃-S-CH₃) 
B)  hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) 
C)  gypsum (CaSO₄) 
D)  elemental sulfur (Sᵒ)

Question 12

Sulfide is toxic to respiring organisms,because it can combine with metals present in ________ that serve a critical function in respiration.

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis enzymes 
B)  oxidases 
C)  NADH 
D)  cytochromes 
A)  glycolysis enzymes 
B)  oxidases 
C)  NADH 
D)  cytochromes

Question 13

What reaction is catalyzed by mercuric reductase?

Accepted Answer

A)  CH₃HgCH₃ to Hg²⁺ 
B)  CH₃Hg⁺ to Hg²⁺ 
C)  Hg⁴⁺ to Hg²⁺ 
D)  Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰ 
A)  CH₃HgCH₃ to Hg²⁺ 
B)  CH₃Hg⁺ to Hg²⁺ 
C)  Hg⁴⁺ to Hg²⁺ 
D)  Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰

Question 14

Studying the redox cycling of Fe in the environment has led to the discovery

Accepted Answer

A)  of bacteria that transfer electrons long distances and generate electric currents. 
B)  of bacteria that destroy toxic metal ions. 
C)  of archaea that have Fe in their cell walls. 
D)  that Fe limits primary production in terrestrial ecosystems. 
A)  of bacteria that transfer electrons long distances and generate electric currents. 
B)  of bacteria that destroy toxic metal ions. 
C)  of archaea that have Fe in their cell walls. 
D)  that Fe limits primary production in terrestrial ecosystems.

Question 15

Why does the burning of fossil fuels cause an imbalance within the carbon cycle? What is the consequence of this imbalance? Include a diagram of the carbon cycle to illustrate your answer.

Accepted Answer

Answers should include a diagram similar

Question 16

The ocean has mitigated the impact of anthropogenic carbon dioxide production by

Accepted Answer

A)  absorbing 500 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 
B)  absorbing over 80% of the trapped heat energy. 
C)  storing 600 billion tons of organic carbon. 
D)  absorbing 500 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide and over 80% of the trapped heat energy. 
A)  absorbing 500 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 
B)  absorbing over 80% of the trapped heat energy. 
C)  storing 600 billion tons of organic carbon. 
D)  absorbing 500 billion tons of atmospheric carbon dioxide and over 80% of the trapped heat energy.

Question 17

What are the similarities and differences between the Fe cycle and Ca cycle?

Accepted Answer

Both Fe and Ca cycle between insoluble a

Question 18

One important difference between the C,N,and S cycles and the P,Ca,and Si cycles is that

Accepted Answer

A)  P, Ca, and Si are NOT cycled in terrestrial environments. 
B)  the P, Ca, and Si cycles do NOT involve redox changes or gaseous forms that can alter Earth's atmospheric chemistry. 
C)  the P, Ca, and Si cycles do NOT involve microbial activity. 
D)  the P, Ca, and Si cycles are NOT affected by global warming or other human activity. 
A)  P, Ca, and Si are NOT cycled in terrestrial environments. 
B)  the P, Ca, and Si cycles do NOT involve redox changes or gaseous forms that can alter Earth's atmospheric chemistry. 
C)  the P, Ca, and Si cycles do NOT involve microbial activity. 
D)  the P, Ca, and Si cycles are NOT affected by global warming or other human activity.

Question 19

Ocean acidification decreases the precipitation of calcium carbonate and thus will probably affect the cycling of Ca and other nutrients in the ocean.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Which of the following processes does denitrification contribute to?

Accepted Answer

A)  acid rain 
B)  ozone depletion 
C)  global warming 
D)  acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming 
A)  acid rain 
B)  ozone depletion 
C)  global warming 
D)  acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming

Exam 20: Nutrient Cycles

Climate scientists are developing methane hydrates to decrease the effects of global warming.

Bacterial oxidation of Fe²⁺ occurs BEST under which environmental condition?

What is a characteristic of a deep sea marine cold seep/vent?

The metabolic process of ammonification ________ ammonia.

More carbon is present in dead organic material on Earth than in living organisms.

The disposal of garbage or sewage in the ocean is known to cause the sudden growth of sulfate reducers.

What would the result be when a soil is supplemented with S⁰?

Mercury can serve as a transcriptional activator in the regulation of certain genes.

The Ca cycle is tightly coupled to the

Microbial activity generates methylmercury,which is much less toxic than the mercuric ion.

Lysis of marine algae and cyanobacteria releases the major osmoregulatory solute,dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP),which is degraded into the most abundant organic S compound in nature,________.

Sulfide is toxic to respiring organisms,because it can combine with metals present in ________ that serve a critical function in respiration.

What reaction is catalyzed by mercuric reductase?

Studying the redox cycling of Fe in the environment has led to the discovery

Why does the burning of fossil fuels cause an imbalance within the carbon cycle? What is the consequence of this imbalance? Include a diagram of the carbon cycle to illustrate your answer.

The ocean has mitigated the impact of anthropogenic carbon dioxide production by

What are the similarities and differences between the Fe cycle and Ca cycle?

One important difference between the C,N,and S cycles and the P,Ca,and Si cycles is that

Ocean acidification decreases the precipitation of calcium carbonate and thus will probably affect the cycling of Ca and other nutrients in the ocean.

Which of the following processes does denitrification contribute to?

Microorganisms and Microbiology

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Biology

Microbial Growth and Control

Microbial Genomics

Metabolic Regulation

Viruses and Virology

Viral Genomes and Diversity

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Methods in Microbial Ecology

Microbial Ecosystems

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Water and Food As Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

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