Question 1

Muscles are connected to bones by

Accepted Answer

A) cartilage. 
B) ligaments. 
C) tendons. 
D) myofibrils. 
A) cartilage. 
B) ligaments. 
C) tendons. 
D) myofibrils.

Question 2

Mutations in the gene for troponin can result in the production of the troponin protein, which has varying affinities for Ca²⁺ ions. Suppose that in a muscle cell a mutant troponin is expressed that has such a high affinity for Ca²⁺ ions that once they bind to troponin they cannot unbind. What will likely happen in this muscle cell?

Accepted Answer

A) Myosin heads will not bind to actin after action potentials stop being received. 
B) Myosin heads will bind to actin after action potentials stop being received. 
C) Tropomyosin will not move to expose myosin binding sites. 
D) Cross-bridges will form between myosin and tropomyosin. 
A) Myosin heads will not bind to actin after action potentials stop being received. 
B) Myosin heads will bind to actin after action potentials stop being received. 
C) Tropomyosin will not move to expose myosin binding sites. 
D) Cross-bridges will form between myosin and tropomyosin.

Question 3

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
When sarcomeres contract, they generate force (tension). However, the amount of force generated depends on the sarcomere length and the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. Below is a figure that details the force-generating properties of a single sarcomere. This figure was modified from a scientific paper by Al Gordon and colleagues from 1966 and is a classic illustration of the relationship between sarcomere length and force.
  
-At what point on the graph is the sarcomere the most extended?

Accepted Answer

A) point A 
B) point B 
C) point C 
D) point E 
A) point A 
B) point B 
C) point C 
D) point E

Question 4

Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle fibers is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Each muscle fiber is composed of multinucleated cells. 
B) Each muscle fiber is composed of globular proteins. 
C) Each muscle fiber contains one sarcomere. 
D) Each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin. 
A) Each muscle fiber is composed of multinucleated cells. 
B) Each muscle fiber is composed of globular proteins. 
C) Each muscle fiber contains one sarcomere. 
D) Each muscle fiber contains actin and myosin.

Question 5

Your friend is complaining of middle back pain. She also says that she hurts the most near her spine. What part of her back may have been injured?

Accepted Answer

A) cervical vertebrae 
B) sacral vertebrae 
C) lumbar vertebrae 
D) thoracic vertebrae 
A) cervical vertebrae 
B) sacral vertebrae 
C) lumbar vertebrae 
D) thoracic vertebrae

Question 6

To repair and heal a broken bone, physicians will

Accepted Answer

A) graft new bone to the region. 
B) exercise the area of the broken bone. 
C) prescribe a regime of bed rest and calcium supplements. 
D) return the broken bone parts to their natural position and then immobilize them. 
A) graft new bone to the region. 
B) exercise the area of the broken bone. 
C) prescribe a regime of bed rest and calcium supplements. 
D) return the broken bone parts to their natural position and then immobilize them.

Question 7

Skeletal muscles

Accepted Answer

A) are found in and around internal organs. 
B) get longer when they contract. 
C) work in antagonistic pairs. 
D) push on bones to make them move. 
A) are found in and around internal organs. 
B) get longer when they contract. 
C) work in antagonistic pairs. 
D) push on bones to make them move.

Question 8

Osteoporosis has long been recognized as a problem for women after menopause, but it is also emerging as a health concern for

Accepted Answer

A) women in their 20s and 30s. 
B) teenage men. 
C) men over the age of 65. 
D) men and younger people in general. 
A) women in their 20s and 30s. 
B) teenage men. 
C) men over the age of 65. 
D) men and younger people in general.

Question 9

Fast muscle fibers contain a high proportion of myofibrils, which allows the fibers to generate high amounts of force. However, this leaves little room in the fibers for other cellular components, including mitochondria. The opposite is true for slow muscle fibers. Does this information support or refute what you know about the fatigue-susceptibility of fast and slow fibers? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

A) It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
B) It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
C) It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
D) It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
A) It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
B) It supports it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
C) It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they can produce more ATP than slow fibers and thus are less fatigue-resistant than slow fibers. 
D) It refutes it because if fast fibers have less room for mitochondria than slow fibers do, they cannot produce as much ATP and thus are more fatigue-resistant than slow fibers.

Question 10

Suppose that the circular muscles in an earthworm have become selectively paralyzed such that they are not able to contract. How will this affect the earthworm's locomotion?

Accepted Answer

A) The earthworm will be able to elongate, but not get thicker. 
B) The earthworm will be able to get thicker, but not elongate. 
C) The earthworm will not be able to elongate or get thicker. 
D) The earthworm will be able to crawl as normal. 
A) The earthworm will be able to elongate, but not get thicker. 
B) The earthworm will be able to get thicker, but not elongate. 
C) The earthworm will not be able to elongate or get thicker. 
D) The earthworm will be able to crawl as normal.

Question 11

Which of the following animals has an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage?

Accepted Answer

A) bullfrog 
B) mackerel 
C) nurse shark 
D) robin 
A) bullfrog 
B) mackerel 
C) nurse shark 
D) robin

Question 12

The shoulder joint where the humerus meets the shoulder girdle is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) a hinge joint. 
B) a ligament. 
C) a pivot joint. 
D) a ball-and-socket joint. 
A) a hinge joint. 
B) a ligament. 
C) a pivot joint. 
D) a ball-and-socket joint.

Question 13

Earthworms crawl by

Accepted Answer

A) undulating from side to side. 
B) peristalsis. 
C) the leg-like action of their belly scales. 
D) pushing themselves forward from the tail. 
A) undulating from side to side. 
B) peristalsis. 
C) the leg-like action of their belly scales. 
D) pushing themselves forward from the tail.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about locomotion is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Locomotion requires animals to overcome friction and gravity. 
B) Gravity is a greater locomotion problem for animals in water than for those on land. 
C) Overcoming friction is a greater locomotion problem for land animals than for those that live in water. 
D) Bone strength is more important than body shape in the locomotion of land animals. 
A) Locomotion requires animals to overcome friction and gravity. 
B) Gravity is a greater locomotion problem for animals in water than for those on land. 
C) Overcoming friction is a greater locomotion problem for land animals than for those that live in water. 
D) Bone strength is more important than body shape in the locomotion of land animals.

Question 15

A muscle fiber from the latissimus dorsi (one of the back muscles)of a chimpanzee has a lot of mitochondria and myoglobin and can generate relatively little force. Which type of muscle fiber is being described?

Accepted Answer

A) a fast, fatigue-resistant fiber 
B) a fast, fatigue-susceptible fiber 
C) a slow, fatigue-resistant fiber 
D) a slow, fatigue-susceptible fiber 
A) a fast, fatigue-resistant fiber 
B) a fast, fatigue-susceptible fiber 
C) a slow, fatigue-resistant fiber 
D) a slow, fatigue-susceptible fiber

Question 16

The sequence of events that cause a sarcomere to contract can be summed up in the correct order as

Accepted Answer

A) detach, extend, contract, attach. 
B) detach, pull, extend, contract. 
C) detach, extend, attach, pull. 
D) pull, contract, detach, recoil. 
A) detach, extend, contract, attach. 
B) detach, pull, extend, contract. 
C) detach, extend, attach, pull. 
D) pull, contract, detach, recoil.

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes the molecular basis of muscle shortening?

Accepted Answer

A) Individual filamentous proteins contract. 
B) Individual filamentous proteins shorten by coiling. 
C) Rod-shaped protein polymers shorten by losing subunits from their ends. 
D) Protein filaments crawl along other protein filaments. 
A) Individual filamentous proteins contract. 
B) Individual filamentous proteins shorten by coiling. 
C) Rod-shaped protein polymers shorten by losing subunits from their ends. 
D) Protein filaments crawl along other protein filaments.

Question 18

The evolution of the vertebrate skeleton system

Accepted Answer

A) originated with a snake-like animal whose descendants gradually developed limbs. 
B) enabled tetrapods to colonize land. 
C) originated in an earlier exoskeleton. 
D) made animals significantly taller. 
A) originated with a snake-like animal whose descendants gradually developed limbs. 
B) enabled tetrapods to colonize land. 
C) originated in an earlier exoskeleton. 
D) made animals significantly taller.

Question 19

An important function of the bones in the skeleton is to

Accepted Answer

A) provide a source of ATP. 
B) generate hormones. 
C) add weight. 
D) support the body. 
A) provide a source of ATP. 
B) generate hormones. 
C) add weight. 
D) support the body.

Question 20

Which of the following objects is most like a hydrostatic skeleton?

Accepted Answer

A) a water balloon 
B) a hot air balloon 
C) a piece of M&M candy 
D) a bowling ball 
A) a water balloon 
B) a hot air balloon 
C) a piece of M&M candy 
D) a bowling ball

Exam 30: How Animals Move

Muscles are connected to bones by

Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle fibers is true?

Your friend is complaining of middle back pain. She also says that she hurts the most near her spine. What part of her back may have been injured?

To repair and heal a broken bone, physicians will

Skeletal muscles

Osteoporosis has long been recognized as a problem for women after menopause, but it is also emerging as a health concern for

Suppose that the circular muscles in an earthworm have become selectively paralyzed such that they are not able to contract. How will this affect the earthworm's locomotion?

Which of the following animals has an endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage?

The shoulder joint where the humerus meets the shoulder girdle is an example of

Earthworms crawl by

Which of the following statements about locomotion is true?

A muscle fiber from the latissimus dorsi (one of the back muscles)of a chimpanzee has a lot of mitochondria and myoglobin and can generate relatively little force. Which type of muscle fiber is being described?

The sequence of events that cause a sarcomere to contract can be summed up in the correct order as

Which of the following statements best describes the molecular basis of muscle shortening?

The evolution of the vertebrate skeleton system

An important function of the bones in the skeleton is to

Which of the following objects is most like a hydrostatic skeleton?

Biology: Exploring Life

The Chemical Basis of Life

The Molecules of Cells

A Tour of the Cell

The Working Cell

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance

Patterns of Inheritance

Molecular Biology of the Gene

How Genes Are Controlled

DNA Technology and Genomics

How Populations Evolve

The Origin of Species

Tracing Evolutionary History

Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists

The Evolution of Plant and Fungal Diversity

The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity

The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Gas Exchange

Circulation

the Immune System

Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Reproduction and Embryonic Development

Nervous Systems

the Senses

Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Control Systems in Plants

the Biosphere: an Introduction to Earths Diverse Environments

Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment

Population Ecology

Communities and Ecosystems

Conservation Biology

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