Exam 15: Population and Urbanization

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tӧnnies, many preindustrial cities could be described as being __________, a society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

For economist Thomas Malthus, _________ is the only acceptable preventive check on population.

__________ refers one explanation of the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development.

Compare the ideas of Simmel, Wirth, and Gans on contemporary urban life. Include the concepts of urbanism and urban villagers in your response. Explain which of these perspectives you find most convincing and why.

Neo-Malthusians refer to ___________ as the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year because the number of births plus immigrants is equal to the number of deaths plus emigrants.

Which of these characteristics is common to the women throughout the world who are having the most children?​

A conflict perspective on migration, the __________ suggests that immigrants from lowincome countries are often recruited for secondary-labor-market positions in other countries. Workers from high-income countries are recruited for primary sector employment.

Which theorist was generally optimistic about urban life?​

Explain the concept of the demographic transition and discuss its applicability to different types of societies.

The tension between use value and exchange value is at the center of the __________ perspective on urban growth.

__________ suggests that as the natural resources, land, and workforce in low-income countries with little or no industrialization have come under the influence of international markets, there has been a corresponding flow of migrants from those nations to the highly industrialized, high-income countries.

In Burgess's concentric zone model, __________ is a ring of small cities and towns populated by persons who commute to the central city to work and by wealthy people living on estates.

The __________ emphasizes the part the entire family plays in the migration process. By having family income originating from more than one source, the family is cushioned from the economic woes of the nation that most of the family members think of as "home."​

In contrast to the earliest cities, industrial cities were characterized by impersonal and specialized relationships with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Tӧnnies's term for this is __________.

During the demographic transition stage of __________, birth rates continue to decline as more women gain full-time employment and the cost of raising children continues to increase. The population grows very slowly, if at all, because the decrease in birth rates is coupled with a stable death rate.

Several major theories have been developed in an attempt to explain international migration. The __________ assumes that migration patterns occur based on geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor.

When members of the middle and upper-middle classes, usually whites, move into the central city area and renovate existing properties, this is termed __________.

According to the __________ developed by urban sociologists Harris and Ullman, cities do not have one center from which all growth radiates, but rather have numerous centers of development based on specific urban needs or activities.

Applying his preconditions for the development of cities, sociologist Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in __________.

In any given population, fertility will always be higher than fecundity.