Question 1

Research indicates that gender role identity and concepts differ across all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  ethnic groups 
B)  socioeconomic groups 
C)  family structure 
D)  brain function 
A)  ethnic groups 
B)  socioeconomic groups 
C)  family structure 
D)  brain function D

Question 2

Discuss how children's environments play a role in gender socialization.

Accepted Answer

Children's environments play a significant role in gender socialization as they are constantly exposed to cultural and societal norms, expectations, and stereotypes related to gender. These environments include the family, school, media, and peer groups.

In the family, children often learn about gender roles and behaviors through observation and interaction with their parents and other family members. For example, they may observe their mothers performing household chores and nurturing activities, while their fathers may be engaging in more traditionally masculine activities such as yard work or car maintenance. These observations can shape their understanding of what is considered appropriate behavior for their gender.

Similarly, schools can also reinforce gender stereotypes through curricula, teacher expectations, and peer interactions. For instance, boys may be encouraged to participate in sports and physical activities, while girls may be directed towards more passive or nurturing activities. These experiences can influence children's perceptions of their own abilities and interests based on their gender.

Media also plays a significant role in shaping children's understanding of gender. Television shows, movies, and advertisements often portray gender stereotypes and expectations, which can influence children's beliefs about what is considered normal or acceptable for their gender.

Peer groups also contribute to gender socialization by reinforcing gender norms and expectations through social interactions and play. For example, boys may be encouraged to engage in rough and competitive play, while girls may be expected to engage in more cooperative and nurturing activities.

Overall, children's environments play a crucial role in shaping their understanding of gender and influencing their behavior, attitudes, and beliefs about gender roles and expectations. It is essential for parents, educators, and society as a whole to be mindful of the messages and influences that children are exposed to in order to promote more inclusive and equitable gender socialization.

Question 3

According to Freud's identification theory, children begin to model their same-sex parent during which stage of development?

Accepted Answer

A)  oral 
B)  phallic 
C)  anal 
D)  oedipal 
A)  oral 
B)  phallic 
C)  anal 
D)  oedipal B

Question 4

Sex is a useful schema for young children because it

Accepted Answer

A)  is abstract. 
B)  does not depend on reinforcement to be learned. 
C)  is concrete and obvious, thus appropriate to young children's level of mental maturity. 
D)  both A and B above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  is abstract. 
B)  does not depend on reinforcement to be learned. 
C)  is concrete and obvious, thus appropriate to young children's level of mental maturity. 
D)  both A and B above 
E)  none of the above

Question 5

According to social learning theory, children acquire gender through

Accepted Answer

A)  their own mental efforts. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  A and B only 
E)  B and C only 
A)  their own mental efforts. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  A and B only 
E)  B and C only

Question 6

All of the following are true regarding early peer group socialization EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  young children at play voluntarily segregate themselves into same-sex groups. 
B)  boys tend to engage in more organized games. 
C)  children who choose gender "appropriate" toys are more liked by their peers. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  young children at play voluntarily segregate themselves into same-sex groups. 
B)  boys tend to engage in more organized games. 
C)  children who choose gender "appropriate" toys are more liked by their peers. 
D)  all of the above

Question 7

The theory that children acquire gender through the process of reinforcement and by modeling their same-sex parent is referred to as _______ theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  social learning 
B)  identification 
C)  gender schema 
D)  cognitive development 
A)  social learning 
B)  identification 
C)  gender schema 
D)  cognitive development

Question 8

According to Bem, the lens of gender polarization is incorporated into the socialization process from birth.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The basic principle of cognitive developmental theory is that children

Accepted Answer

A)  acquire gender through modeling. 
B)  acquire gender during psychosexual stages of development. 
C)  passively acquire gender through reinforcement. 
D)  learn gender through their mental efforts to organize their social world. 
A)  acquire gender through modeling. 
B)  acquire gender during psychosexual stages of development. 
C)  passively acquire gender through reinforcement. 
D)  learn gender through their mental efforts to organize their social world.

Question 10

What is cognitive developmental theory? Discuss its strengths and weaknesses as a theory of gender acquisition.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive developmental theory, proposed

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the qualities encouraged by toys typically intended for boys?

Accepted Answer

A)  inventive qualities 
B)  aggressive qualities 
C)  nurturing qualities 
D)  Only A and B are correct. 
A)  inventive qualities 
B)  aggressive qualities 
C)  nurturing qualities 
D)  Only A and B are correct.

Question 12

Recent research has concluded the following:

Accepted Answer

A)  Children will imitate individuals most like themselves. 
B)  Children will imitate same-sex models. 
C)  Children prefer objects preferred by children of their same gender. 
D)  all of the above 
A)  Children will imitate individuals most like themselves. 
B)  Children will imitate same-sex models. 
C)  Children prefer objects preferred by children of their same gender. 
D)  all of the above

Question 13

According to social learning theory, reinforcement leads to gender acquisition because

Accepted Answer

A)  children are rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior and punished for gender-inappropriate behavior. 
B)  it extinguishes children's Oedipal complexes. 
C)  it helps them organize the world around them. 
D)  none of the above 
A)  children are rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior and punished for gender-inappropriate behavior. 
B)  it extinguishes children's Oedipal complexes. 
C)  it helps them organize the world around them. 
D)  none of the above

Question 14

Sex-typed behavior increases through the preschool years.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following regarding the socialization of boys is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Boys are criticized less by peers than girls for cross-gender play. 
B)  Boys who play with girls are considered unpopular by their peers. 
C)  Peers are more influential than teachers. 
D)  All of the above are true. 
A)  Boys are criticized less by peers than girls for cross-gender play. 
B)  Boys who play with girls are considered unpopular by their peers. 
C)  Peers are more influential than teachers. 
D)  All of the above are true.

Question 16

A criticism of cognitive developmental theory is that the theory does not put enough emphasis on the role of culture in gender socialization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Most children's toys on the market today

Accepted Answer

A)  are gender neutral. 
B)  easily cross gender lines. 
C)  foster different traits and abilities in boys and girls. 
D)  encourage boys to be creative and girls to be competitive. 
A)  are gender neutral. 
B)  easily cross gender lines. 
C)  foster different traits and abilities in boys and girls. 
D)  encourage boys to be creative and girls to be competitive.

Question 18

Is nonsexist socialization possible? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

Yes, nonsexist socialization is possible

Question 19

Female infants are devalued in many cultures throughout the world.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

According to Freud, which of the following is a consequence of "penis envy"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Girls shift their love from their fathers to their mothers because they sympathize with others who have been "castrated." 
B)  Girls identify with their fathers who possess the coveted penis. 
C)  Women never fully mature because they cannot overcome their feelings of sexual inferiority. 
D)  Women learn to be good wives and mothers. 
A)  Girls shift their love from their fathers to their mothers because they sympathize with others who have been "castrated." 
B)  Girls identify with their fathers who possess the coveted penis. 
C)  Women never fully mature because they cannot overcome their feelings of sexual inferiority. 
D)  Women learn to be good wives and mothers.

Research indicates that gender role identity and concepts differ across all of the following EXCEPT:

Discuss how children's environments play a role in gender socialization.

According to Freud's identification theory, children begin to model their same-sex parent during which stage of development?

Sex is a useful schema for young children because it

According to social learning theory, children acquire gender through

All of the following are true regarding early peer group socialization EXCEPT

The theory that children acquire gender through the process of reinforcement and by modeling their same-sex parent is referred to as _______ theory.

According to Bem, the lens of gender polarization is incorporated into the socialization process from birth.

The basic principle of cognitive developmental theory is that children

What is cognitive developmental theory? Discuss its strengths and weaknesses as a theory of gender acquisition.

Which of the following best describes the qualities encouraged by toys typically intended for boys?

Recent research has concluded the following:

According to social learning theory, reinforcement leads to gender acquisition because

Sex-typed behavior increases through the preschool years.

Which of the following regarding the socialization of boys is NOT true?

A criticism of cognitive developmental theory is that the theory does not put enough emphasis on the role of culture in gender socialization.

Most children's toys on the market today

Is nonsexist socialization possible? Why or why not?

Female infants are devalued in many cultures throughout the world.

According to Freud, which of the following is a consequence of "penis envy"?

Studying Gender: an Overview

Biology, Sex, and Gender: the Interaction of Nature and Environment

Ancestors and Neighbors: Social Constructions of Gender at Other Times, in Other Places

Schools and Gender

The Great Communicators: Language and the Media

Gender and Intimate Relationships

Gender, Employment, and the Economy

Gender, Crime, and Justice

Gender, Politics, Government, and the Military

Gender and Spirituality

Gender and Health

Filters

Exam 4: Early Childhood Gender Socialization

Research indicates that gender role identity and concepts differ across all of the following EXCEPT:

Discuss how children's environments play a role in gender socialization.

According to Freud's identification theory, children begin to model their same-sex parent during which stage of development?

Sex is a useful schema for young children because it

According to social learning theory, children acquire gender through

All of the following are true regarding early peer group socialization EXCEPT

The theory that children acquire gender through the process of reinforcement and by modeling their same-sex parent is referred to as _______ theory.

According to Bem, the lens of gender polarization is incorporated into the socialization process from birth.

The basic principle of cognitive developmental theory is that children

What is cognitive developmental theory? Discuss its strengths and weaknesses as a theory of gender acquisition.

Which of the following best describes the qualities encouraged by toys typically intended for boys?

Recent research has concluded the following:

According to social learning theory, reinforcement leads to gender acquisition because

Sex-typed behavior increases through the preschool years.

Which of the following regarding the socialization of boys is NOT true?

A criticism of cognitive developmental theory is that the theory does not put enough emphasis on the role of culture in gender socialization.

Most children's toys on the market today

Is nonsexist socialization possible? Why or why not?

Female infants are devalued in many cultures throughout the world.

According to Freud, which of the following is a consequence of "penis envy"?

Studying Gender: an Overview

Biology, Sex, and Gender: the Interaction of Nature and Environment

Ancestors and Neighbors: Social Constructions of Gender at Other Times, in Other Places

Schools and Gender

The Great Communicators: Language and the Media

Gender and Intimate Relationships

Gender, Employment, and the Economy

Gender, Crime, and Justice

Gender, Politics, Government, and the Military

Gender and Spirituality

Gender and Health

Filters