Question 1

Electrolyte exclusion effect is characterized as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  A falsely low serum chloride in a grossly lipemic specimen 
B)  A falsely low serum sodium result in an icteric specimen 
C)  A falsely low serum sodium result in a hemolyzed specimen 
D)  A falsely low serum sodium result in a grossly lipemic specimen 
A)  A falsely low serum chloride in a grossly lipemic specimen 
B)  A falsely low serum sodium result in an icteric specimen 
C)  A falsely low serum sodium result in a hemolyzed specimen 
D)  A falsely low serum sodium result in a grossly lipemic specimen D

Question 2

Patients with hyponatremia may show signs of hypovolemia which is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Low blood protein levels. 
B)  High blood potassium levels. 
C)  Low blood volume. 
D)  Low blood pressure. 
A)  Low blood protein levels. 
B)  High blood potassium levels. 
C)  Low blood volume. 
D)  Low blood pressure. C

Question 3

A patient with a toxic level of blood alcohol would cause which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  A decreased osmol gap 
B)  An increased osmol gap 
C)  An osmol gap of zero 
D)  No change in the osmol gap 
A)  A decreased osmol gap 
B)  An increased osmol gap 
C)  An osmol gap of zero 
D)  No change in the osmol gap B

Question 4

In the blood, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with which of the following ions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sodium 
B)  Potassium 
C)  Chloride 
D)  Phosphate 
A)  Sodium 
B)  Potassium 
C)  Chloride 
D)  Phosphate

Question 5

Which of the following enzyme is used in several methods to measure serum total carbon dioxide?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 
B)  Phosphoenolcarboxylase 
C)  Glucose oxidase 
D)  Mercuric thiocyanate 
A)  Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 
B)  Phosphoenolcarboxylase 
C)  Glucose oxidase 
D)  Mercuric thiocyanate

Question 6

Which of the following conditions is associated with hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypoaldosteronism 
B)  Burns 
C)  Diabetes insipidus 
D)  Diarrhea 
A)  Hypoaldosteronism 
B)  Burns 
C)  Diabetes insipidus 
D)  Diarrhea

Question 7

Which of the following conditions will cause an increase anion gap?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pulmonary fibrosis 
B)  Hypoaldosteronism 
C)  Renal failure 
D)  Hyperkalemia 
A)  Pulmonary fibrosis 
B)  Hypoaldosteronism 
C)  Renal failure 
D)  Hyperkalemia

Question 8

Freezing point depression is one of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Colligative properties of a solution. 
B)  Isoelectric point of a solution. 
C)  Physical properties of an ice cube. 
D)  Principle temperatures on the Kelvin scale. 
A)  Colligative properties of a solution. 
B)  Isoelectric point of a solution. 
C)  Physical properties of an ice cube. 
D)  Principle temperatures on the Kelvin scale.

Question 9

Which of the following compounds function to reduce the venous pressure that occurs with a given increase in blood volume, increasing vascular permeability and promoting natriuretic and diuresis?

Accepted Answer

A)  C-type natriuretic peptide 
B)  Renin 
C)  Atrial natriuretic peptide 
D)  Angiotensin II 
A)  C-type natriuretic peptide 
B)  Renin 
C)  Atrial natriuretic peptide 
D)  Angiotensin II

Question 10

A sweat chloride greater than 60 mEq/L is consistent with which of the following disorder?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple sclerosis 
B)  Cystic fibrosis 
C)  Muscular dystrophy 
D)  Pulmonary fibrosis 
A)  Multiple sclerosis 
B)  Cystic fibrosis 
C)  Muscular dystrophy 
D)  Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 11

Measurement of sodium, potassium, and chloride are commonly performed in laboratories using which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ion selective electrodes 
B)  Colorimetry 
C)  Photometry 
D)  Gas chromatography 
A)  Ion selective electrodes 
B)  Colorimetry 
C)  Photometry 
D)  Gas chromatography

Question 12

A family of peptides called natriuretic peptides serves to regulate:

Accepted Answer

A)  Potassium levels. 
B)  Sodium and water metabolism. 
C)  Glucose metabolism. 
D)  Chloride excretion. 
A)  Potassium levels. 
B)  Sodium and water metabolism. 
C)  Glucose metabolism. 
D)  Chloride excretion.

Question 13

Which of the following mechanisms aid in the transport of K+ into the cell against a concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

A)  Na+ ·/Cl- pump 
B)  Na+/K+- ATP pump 
C)  Isohydric shift 
D)  K+- HCO3- - ATP pump 
A)  Na+ ·/Cl- pump 
B)  Na+/K+- ATP pump 
C)  Isohydric shift 
D)  K+- HCO3- - ATP pump

Question 14

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Suppresses ADH secretion. 
B)  Stimulates ADH secretion and thirst. 
C)  Suppresses aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. 
D)  Reduces NaCl reabsorption by the proximal tubule. 
A)  Suppresses ADH secretion. 
B)  Stimulates ADH secretion and thirst. 
C)  Suppresses aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. 
D)  Reduces NaCl reabsorption by the proximal tubule.

Question 15

Plasma osmolality can be calculated using which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Na + Cl + K + HCO3 
B)  Na + 2(HCO3) + Urea nitrogen - glucose 
C)  2(Na) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8) 
D)  Glucose + 2(Na) - 2 (BUN) 
A)  Na + Cl + K + HCO3 
B)  Na + 2(HCO3) + Urea nitrogen - glucose 
C)  2(Na) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8) 
D)  Glucose + 2(Na) - 2 (BUN)

Question 16

Calculate the anion gap given the following data: Sodium = 145 mEq/L; Chloride = 102 mEq/L; and HCO3- = 20 mEq/L.

Accepted Answer

A)  23 mEq/L 
B)  -23 mEq/L 
C)  63 mEq/L 
D)  120 mEq/L 
A)  23 mEq/L 
B)  -23 mEq/L 
C)  63 mEq/L 
D)  120 mEq/L

Question 17

The anion gap is determined from which of the following groups of electrolytes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium 
B)  Sodium, chloride, potassium, and HCO3- 
C)  Sodium, chloride, potassium, and phosphorus 
D)  TCO2, chloride, potassium, and magnesium 
A)  Sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium 
B)  Sodium, chloride, potassium, and HCO3- 
C)  Sodium, chloride, potassium, and phosphorus 
D)  TCO2, chloride, potassium, and magnesium

Question 18

Which of the following disorders may develop due to increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the hypothalamus in the absence of appropriate osmolar or volume stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diabetic ketoacidosis 
B)  Hypocorticolism 
C)  Hyperaldosteronism 
D)  Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 
A)  Diabetic ketoacidosis 
B)  Hypocorticolism 
C)  Hyperaldosteronism 
D)  Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Question 19

Chloride in sweat can be measured by which of the following techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  pH electrodes 
B)  Coulometry and amperometry 
C)  Photometry 
D)  Gas sensing electrodes 
A)  pH electrodes 
B)  Coulometry and amperometry 
C)  Photometry 
D)  Gas sensing electrodes

Exam 12: Body Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis

Electrolyte exclusion effect is characterized as which of the following?

Patients with hyponatremia may show signs of hypovolemia which is defined as:

A patient with a toxic level of blood alcohol would cause which of the following?

In the blood, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with which of the following ions?

Which of the following enzyme is used in several methods to measure serum total carbon dioxide?

Which of the following conditions is associated with hypernatremia?

Which of the following conditions will cause an increase anion gap?

Freezing point depression is one of the:

Which of the following compounds function to reduce the venous pressure that occurs with a given increase in blood volume, increasing vascular permeability and promoting natriuretic and diuresis?

A sweat chloride greater than 60 mEq/L is consistent with which of the following disorder?

Measurement of sodium, potassium, and chloride are commonly performed in laboratories using which of the following?

A family of peptides called natriuretic peptides serves to regulate:

Which of the following mechanisms aid in the transport of K+ into the cell against a concentration gradient?

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that:

Plasma osmolality can be calculated using which of the following?

Calculate the anion gap given the following data: Sodium = 145 mEq/L; Chloride = 102 mEq/L; and HCO3- = 20 mEq/L.

The anion gap is determined from which of the following groups of electrolytes?

Which of the following disorders may develop due to increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the hypothalamus in the absence of appropriate osmolar or volume stimuli?

Chloride in sweat can be measured by which of the following techniques?

Laboratory Basics

Safety in the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory

Laboratory Statistics, Method Development and QC

Instrumentation, Laboratory Automation, and Informatics

Immunoassays

Molecular Diagnostics

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Enzymes

Nonprotein Nitrogen Questions

Blood Gases, PH, and Acid-Base Balance

Mineral and Bone Metabolism

The Endocrine System

Gastrointestinal Function

Pancreas

Cardiac Function

Liver

Iron, Porphyrins, and Hemoglobin

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Toxic Substances

Nutrition and Vitamins

Tumor Markers

Geriatrics

Pediatrics

Filters

Which of the following mechanisms aid in the transport of K⁺ into the cell against a concentration gradient?

Calculate the anion gap given the following data: Sodium = 145 mEq/L; Chloride = 102 mEq/L; and HCO₃^- = 20 mEq/L.