Exam 19: Speciation and the Origins of Biological Diversity

Some species of orchids attract wasps to assist them in reproduction by producing flowers that look like female wasps. The flowers fool male wasps into attempting to mate with them. As a result, the wasp is covered with pollen that it takes with it to the next flower it attempts to mate with. This example shows adaptive evolution by

The observation that the flowers of this orchid resemble female wasps is an example of a complex adaptation.

Before the cultivation of the apple tree, apple maggot flies laid their eggs exclusively on the fruit of Hawthorne trees. As apple orchards became more prominent, apple maggot flies began to lay their eggs on both the fruit of the Hawthorne tree and the fruit of cultivated apple trees. Now, apple maggot flies that live on apple trees mate and lay their eggs at different times of the year than apple maggot flies that live on Hawthorne trees. Is this an example of reproductive isolation?

Speciation can occur when populations of a species are separated by a physical barrier becoming ____________________ isolated and subsequently reproductively isolated from one another.

Sympatric speciation can occur in the absence of geographic isolation.

The formation of a new species

Some species, like the gray oak and the Gambel oak, hybridize to create fertile offspring, but remain phenotypically distinct as shown by the leaves in the image below. As a result, they are considered different species.

For two populations to accumulate enough genetic differences to cause speciation, the factors that promote these differences

Which of the following does not provide an example of geographic isolation?

The primary difference between the prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers involved in reproductive isolation is that prezygotic barriers

The death of zygotes produced by the mating of individuals of two different populations is an example of how ____________________ barriers can lead to reproductive isolation.

Polyploidy can lead to very rapid speciation in plants because

Polyploidy can lead to

In many predator-prey relationships, evolutionary change in the prey will result in evolutionary change in the predator, a phenomenon known as

____________________ speciation occurs when a new species arises in the absence of geographic isolation.

Populations of weaver ants work together to "sew" leaves into a living nest that acts as a protective shelter for the entire population. The nest-building behavior of weaver ants

Evidence suggests that Neandertals and humans are the same species.

Every year, environmental signals in Africa cause flycatchers to return to the Netherlands to breed. When they arrive, they depend on freshly hatched caterpillars for food. Global climate change has caused the caterpillars to hatch earlier in the Netherlands, but the environmental cues in Africa remain the same. Now, when the flycatchers return to the Netherlands the caterpillars are no longer available as a food source. Which of the following is likely to happen to this species of flycatcher?

A ____________________ species may exist when an organism's range loops around a geographic barrier. Neighboring populations in the range mate, but populations on opposite sides of the barrier cannot mate.

____________________ barriers cause speciation to occur by preventing fertilization when two individuals of different populations attempt to mate.