Exam 4: Animalia

The vertebrates, which include organisms such as humans, birds, and frogs, illustrate that very different forms can evolve from one basic body plan. The observation that these diverse organisms share a general body plan supports the hypothesis that

The conservation organization Ocean Blue has developed a seafood recommendation list that advises avoiding many captive-reared species; why might seafood reared in captivity be less desirable?

Sponges have been characterized as lacking tissue; however, recent research indicates that the outer ____________________ interact with one another to create a protective barrier and meet the criteria of a tissue.

Gastropods make extensive use of the radula; which letter on the diagram below indicates its location?

Of the labeled features in the diagram below, only the dorsally positioned nerve cord would be present in an echinoderm.

Tetrapods are so named because they possess four limbs.

Two phyla so dominate the diversity of marine ecosystems that any randomly collected animal is likely to be either a _____ or an arthropod.

Fossil evidence suggests that feathers existed prior to the development of a flight-capable skeleton; because these feathered animals could not fly, biologists suspect that the initial adaptive value for feathers was related their ability to

How do biologists interpret the pattern of species richness shown below?

The evolution of the lung was a critical development in the adaptation of animals to a terrestrial lifestyle; the first vertebrates to breathe using a lung were the reptiles.

The addition of a ____________________ to the egg of reptiles and birds permits a longer development time and a more capable individual when hatched.

The figure below shows the vertebrates and arthropods as being distantly related, yet each has features, like limbs and jaws, seen in no other groups. How can such obvious similarities be disregarded in favor of embryological development as a basis for classification?

Ectothermy describes a strategy to homeostatically regulate a body temperature to be below the ambient temperature; thus leading to the phrase cold-blooded.

With the exception of the sponges, all animals develop embryologically in one of two ways; the chordates and echinoderms, as deuterostomes,

Some mollusks feed on cnidarians, absorb intact cnidocytes, and migrate these cnidocytes into their body surface. What possible benefit could the mollusk derive from this behavior?

Endoderm forms the ____________________ layer of an animal embryo.

Recent analysis of the membranes of sponge cells suggests a closer relationship to other animals than previously suspected; if sponges are actually within the eumetazoan clade, as shown in the diagram below, it would require that they possess _____ at some point in their life history.

Modern sponges produce spicules to deter predation, but as the earliest animals they existed before any predators evolved; how might biologists interpret this observation?

The specifics of metamorphosis vary among the arthropods; when the life cycle is characterized by _____ complete metamorphosis has occurred.

The success of mammals is due in large part to several highly effective reproductive strategies, which include